Analysis of Barclays Bank Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Barclays Bank EssayIntroductionThe process of restructuring the telecommunication sector truly got nether style in Cameroon in June 1995, when the authorities decided thoroughly to reform network industry sectors such as water, electricity and telecommunications with a view to creating a plausive surroundings in which to develop their infrastructure and services and thus to satisfy increasingly exigent demand. The process took the form of liberalization, State withdrawal from the sectors concerned and the validation of amarket structure enabling Cameroon to remain in step with the especially rapid global developments in the telecommunication sector indeed, in appall of the investments made, the coverage rate and quality of service offered had remained largely inadequate. The process was carried out not only by defining the conditions and mechanisms liable to guarantee the sectors opening to snobbish initiative, but also by enacting regulations and taking measur es intended to enable the sector to play the decisive role incumbent on it in Cameroons economic development.telecommunication sector reform in Cameroon is not limited to the establishment of new regulations and statute, to the revision of the institutional framework and the establishment of an interconnection regime or to the interpolation of competition. It should also comprise bringing behaviour in line with the times. One of our chief concerns is therefore also effective application of the regulations with a view to fulfilling the worldwide service obligation, ensuring consumer protection and providing for effective and appropriate regulation of true competition. The acquisition of the required know-how is the biggest challenge we face. The institutional players on Cameroons telecommunications scene are, as in many a(prenominal) other African countries, of the opinion that any society that delays in jumping on the NTIC train will remain mired in a bow of underdevelopment.O bservations BackgroundBefore 1990, as in most African countries, telecommunication services were managed by a national publicly-owned monopoly. The administration in charge of telecommunications effect the rules, ensured they were applied and was itself an operator. The results did not always live up to expectations. In June 1990, the President of the Republic signed the order on the programme to privatize public and semi-public enterprises. The telecommunication sector was added to the programme in June 1995. In July 1998, law 98/014 governing telecommunications in Cameroon (the Telecommunications Act) was promulgated.It completed the Telecommunication Regulatory procedure and attributed sector responsibilities to a salmagundi of players the operation oftelecommunication networks to operators, regulatory matters, i.e. application of the rules and supervision of operators, to a regulatory body, the definition of sector policy and the enactment of market regulations to the telecom munication administration. In kinsfolk of the equivalent year, two public enterprises, CAMTEL for the fixed telephone service and CAMTEL MOBILE for the mobile telephone service, were set up to take over the telecommunication activities of the Ministry of punt and Telecommunications and of the public enterprise INTELCAM, which was in charge of operate and developing international telecommunication installations.The Telecommunication Regulatory Agency was set up at thesame time. Immediately after, the sale of a mobile telephone licence and the process of privatizing CAMTEL and CAMTEL MOBILE got under way. In June 1999, a mobile telephone licence was tending(p) to a private enterprise. The privatization of CAMTEL MOBILE was completed in February 2000. The privatization of CAMTEL is not yet complete. A third mobile telephone licence is to be issued. In little than two years, the sector has undergone sweeping change. Suffice it to mention one indicator in January 2000 there was one mobile telephone operator with about 5 000 subscribers on 31 March 2001 there were two operators with over 140 000 subscribers. This rapid and in-depth transformation is taking place within a constantly up(p) legal framework.IIA liberal legal frameworkThe development of new technologies and liberalization have permitted access to new telecommunication services which, depending on their specific natures, require appropriate regulation. The Telecommunications Act sets forth a new regulatory framework, opening the telecommunication sector to competition. The framework, which distinguishes between public and private networks, providiethylstilbesterol for iii legal written texts concessions, confidencesand declarations.1ConcessionsThe State can grant one or several public or private corporate bodies all or recrudesce of its rights to establish and/or operate telecommunication networks. The concession is subject to strict compliance with the requirements set forth in a sway of term s and conditions. This arrangement allows the State not only to keep a watchful eye on the harmonious development of modern telecommunication infrastructure, but also and to a higher place all to heighten its control over the development and supply of the basic services and facilities us ually demanded by the majority of users.2AuthorizationsThe arrangement of prior authorization applies to the establishment and/or operation of telecommunication networks by physical persons or corporate bodies with a view to providing the public with a basic telecommunication service, a value-added service, a bearer service or any other service by using one or several piano tuner frequencies. A list of terms and conditions containing the requirements to be met is attached to the licence issued to the bearer of a prior authorization. The authorization is issued for a fixed period and can be withdrawn under certain circumstances.3DeclarationsDeclarations apply to the establishment of private interna l networks, low-range and low-capacity private independent networks (that are not radio networks), low-range and low-capacity radio installations (to be determinedby the Administration), and the provision to the public of telecommunication services other than those subject to the arrangements of concession and authorization. Telecommunication terminal equipment is either freely provided or subject to type-approval.Certain nutriment of the Telecommunications Act are detailed in decrees and implementing legislation. We shall not examine all of them here indeed, some of them are let off being drafted. The reform in Cameroon established the separation between the regulatory and operating functions. It works in favour of operators being entities controlled by private capital. The general framework for competition is governed by legislation on competition. The legal framework is supplemented by institutions.III 1A revised institutional framework The telecommunication administrationSpect rum management and the legislation and regulations relating to telecommunications are the exclusive domain of the State. The telecommunication administration has been invested, on behalf of the government, with general jurisdiction over the sector. It sets the general regulatory framework. It therefore establishes and implements telecommunication sector policy, whose aim moldinessiness be to safeguard the missions of public service, to promote harmonious network development throughout the national territory and effective private sector participation in the sectors wealth and employment-generating activities, and to ensure compliance by all operators with the applicable treaties, laws and regulations.In addition, the administration supervises the telecommunication sector, oversees public telecommunication enterprises, represents the State at international telecommunication-related organizations and events, and manages the radio spectrum on behalf of the State. The Telecommunication Regulatory Agency, which technically answers to the telecommunication administration, is the specialized body in charge offacilitating actual application of the regulations issued.2The Telecommunication Regulatory AgencyThe organization of the Telecommunication Regulatory Agency established by the Telecommunications Act is set forth in decree No. 98/197 of 8 kinfolk 1998. The Agency has three main duties to ensure the regulations are implemented to guarantee respect for the regulations and the exercise of competition to settle certain disputes between operators. The Agencys regulatory dresser is subject to performance of the following activities definition of the principles governing tariffs for services examination of requests for authorization and declaration and of type-approval files for terminal equipment to be connected to public networks establishment of principles for cipher interconnection costs establishment and management of numbering plans management of the fr equencies attributed to telecommunications submission to the government of proposals aimed at developing and modernizing the sector opinions on draft legislative and regulatory texts concerning telecommunicationscontrol and penalties for infractions.The Agency is specifically competent to settle disputes concerning interconnection, access to a public network, numbering, cases of harmful interference, and sharing of infrastructure. The Telecommunications Act provides the Agency with a quasi-judicial body and an arbitrament procedure can be set in motion should one or the other of the parties be opposed. The parties remain free to bring their case forward the competent court.IVHuman resourcesHuman resources are the key to management and progress, for they have knowledge, that rarest of economic commodities in the 21st century. The current transition from a monopoly environment to that of controlled competition has given rise to new demands in terms of basic knowledge and know- how in telecommunication regulation. Telecommunication leaders and staff in Cameroon were still dealing with the transition from analogue to digital when circuit switching was suddenly replaced by packet switching. This recent change has reshaped the concept and definition of telecommunication networks and services. E reallything must therefore be done to make sure the human resources pack the skills they need for their own development and that of companies, which create wealth for the well-being of peoples.The Ecole Nationale Suprieure des Postes et Tlcommunications, an independent facility run by the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, provides basic instruction in telecommunications and ICT to technicians (technical and operating staff), supervising technicians (operating technicians and supervisors) and senior technical managers (works engineers and operating inspectors). It plans to organize standing professional certification for the staff of public and private enterprises and of the public administrations in charge of telecommunications and ICT.VInternational cooperationCameroon has always been present and supple in regional and international telecommunication organizations. It is a member of the Administrative Councils of both the African Telecommunication Union (ATU) and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). It has had very few bilateral exchanges of experience and information with other African countries. The ineffectiveness of regional (ATU) and subregional organizations (CAPTAC) has precluded the launch at subregional level of cooperation activities aimed at developing telecommunications in Cameroon. At the international level, ITUhas not been closely involved in telecommunication sector reform.In the past eight years, it has provided some technical assistance but other almost no support for telecommunication development projects in Cameroon, possibly because the Area Office in Yaound is not functioning. The capacities of the Area O ffice in Yaound should be reinforced. Its main duties should be To disseminate ITU documents and information in the area. For this, it should have the means required to provide the documentation centres of the main players in each of the areas countries with the documents and books needed to acquire knowledge in telecommunications and ICT, for most of the sectors African managers will have to teach themselves. In this respect, hard as opposed to electronic copies remain invaluable in Africa.

Riordan Manufacturing Supply Chain Design Essay Example for Free

Riordan Manufacturing issue Chain Design EssayA write out cosmic string is the process of moving info and material to and from the manufacturing and suffice processes of a firm (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Two components encompass the focus of the supply chain the takings, provision, and document wangle process and the distribution process. The supply chain is part of perfunctory business operations and directly affects productivity, efficiency, and financial profitability. Proper way of the supply chain ensures a business delivers quality, cost-efficient products to customers while remaining competitive in todays global market. Team B provides a review of Riordan Manufacturings (RM) return st gaitgy and describes supplier relationships and how they affect the supply chain. Finally, Team B explores how lean production principles and line of descent requirements can be used to determine appropriate supply chain processes. galvanic Fan Manufacturing StrategyRM uses the level production planning strategy of maintaining a stable workforce to produce electric rooters at a constant output rate (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Shortages and surpluses are jailed with inventory levels, grade backlogs, and potential lost sales (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Employees benefit from stable work hours at the cost of increased inventory levels, increased potential of lost sales, happen of obsolete products, and decreased customer service (Jacobs Chase, 2011).Electric Fan Supply ChainRMs supply chain process flow in practice 1 provides raw materials to the manufacturing plant and warehouse at the input end and the supply ofcompleted plastic fans to the customer on the output end of the supply chain (Jacobs Chase, 2011). The supply chain for the individual manufacturing processes is detailed in Figure 2.Figure 1Riordan Manufacturing Supply ChainFigure 2Manufacturing Department Supply Chain ProcessSupplier Relationships and the Supply ChainRM uses vertical integration as the fra mework for structuring supplier relationships. A vertically integrated process allows RM to control supply chain activities. Strategic activities are a key source of competitive advantage. Instead of outsourcing non-core activities and maintaining only core competencies under management control, RM evaluates each action at law using required coordination (the difficulty of ensuring how well activities integrate with the process), strategic control (degree of loss that would result if supplier relationship were severed), and intellectual property techniques (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Other types of losses important to consider include specialized facilities, knowledge of major(ip) customer relationships, and investment in research and development (Jacobs Chase, 2011). RM does not outsource activities requiring frequent information exchange but instead outsource highly standardized, well understood, and easily transferrable activities to specialized business partners. Such strategic pl anning led to RM offshoring their sinless fan operation from Pontiac, Michigan, to Hangzhou, China in 2000. This decision allowed RM to operate in a more feasible location, expand exponentially, and maintain financial stability (Jacobs Chase, 2011).Electric Fan Supply Chain MetricsA transaction measurement system is vital for businesses to operate efficiently and effectively. According to Jacobs and Chase (2011), process performance metrics give the operations manager a gauge on how productively a process currently is operating and how productivity is changing all over cadence (p. 116). Two metrics used to evaluate the performance of the RMs electricfan supply chain are utilization and productivity. Utilization measures the rate at which resources are used compared to time available for use by calculating time activated divided by time available (Jacobs Chase, 2011). productivity metrics determine the amount of output per unit of time by calculating output divided by input (Ja cobs Chase, 2011). Metrics used by consumers to measure supplier performance are also the strategies suppliers use to improve their services. Examples of metrics include improved quality through lower product defects, cost-efficiency, well-timed delivery, and shorter order fill time. Globalized businesses must not only subscribe to capable supply chain partners that support global market initiatives but also have the capability to lower supply chain costs (Handfield, 2012).Lean Production PrinciplesRM can adopt Toyotas lean principles by using the just-in-time inventory onset that emphasizes elimination of waste (Jacobs Chase, 2011). The lean process is essential for inventory management to reduce manufacturing cost and increase productivity. Inventory is controlled using the lean principles by eliminating particular(a) processes and ordering supplies just-in-time found on value streaming. Value streaming impresss understanding the value-adding and non-value-adding activitie s required to design, order, and provide a product or service from concept to launch, order to delivery, and raw materials to customers (Jacobs Chase, 2011, p. 421).RMs electric fan production system uses a push system for input from a number of specialized departments such as receiving, molding, trimming, and assembly. Implementing a pull system for its production process helps master the lean production principles through more efficient inventory management and shorter lead time by focusing on building what customers want, when they want it versus producing too many goods that sit in inventory or become obsolete (Turner, 2013).Sales forecastForecasting sales provides necessary information to determine inventory needs, production plans, and resource needs to create customer value. Sophisticated statistical analysis, cyclical and seasonal worker factors, and historical data are important factors in creating a sales forecast for RM.Forecasting TechniqueForecasting techniques can be subdivided into cardinal major groups qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative techniques use subjective data that is difficult to represent numerically. It is based on the opinion and judgment of key persons, specialists in products and markets. Quantitative techniques involve numerical analysis of past data unbiased by personal opinions or judgment. This technique put ons mathematical models to project future demand. Quantitative forecasting is subdivided into two major groups time series techniques and causal techniques. RM forecasts future sales based on an average of the previous three years production with the idea that tale repeats itself. A quantitative forecasting using the time series technique results in the forecast in table 1. This demand forecast provides information management needs to make decisions on production planning, inventory, and marketing activities.Electric Fan Production PlanningAggregate Production PlanRMs electric fan aggregate production plan in Ta ble 2 specifies the optimal combination of fan production rate, workforce level, and inventory on hand to sully the total production-related costs over the planning horizon (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Because RM uses the level production planning strategy, inventory is a cost of business that RM accepts. RM will continue to employ a stable workforce at the cost of inventory. This results in level production of 96K units per month. Fluctuations in demand shown in Figure 3 are absorbed by inventory levels, order backlogs, and potentially lost business (Jacobs Chase, 2011).Figure 3Riordan Manufacturing Electric Fan Demand and ProductionMaster Production archiveRMs master production schedule in Table 3 is the time-phased plan specifying how many and when RM plans to build each electric fan model.Materials Requirements PlanMaterials requirements planning (MRP) is essential to manufacturing organizations for calculating and maintaining optimum inventory levels to meet production requirement s. Material requirements planning (MRP) is a computer-based inventory management system designed to assist production managers in scheduling and placing orders for dependent demand items. Dependent demand items are components of finished goodssuch as raw materials, component parts, and subassembliesfor which the amount of inventory essential depends on the level of production of the final product (Reference for Business, 2nd ed., 2013). A proper MRP puts the organization in a proactive position rather than reactive. MRP assists in reducing inventory levels and component shortages and ensures the right materials are in the right place at the right time, which increases productivity.Other benefits include improved plant efficiency, trim back overtime, higher production quality, and less scrap and rework. RM uses MRP to optimize production based on forecasted sales. Table 4 provides a forecast of finished goods inventory based on the forecasted demand. With this data theorganization can forecast and plan for future production requirements and use materials requirement planning to coordinate accurately inventory, shipping, and production. Riordan Manufacturing uses a rigid order system or meeting its materials requirement needs. They procure the assembled motors for the fans from topical anaesthetic manufacturers in quantities adequate to meet its order requirements. They also purchase the plants plastic polymer requirements from local suppliers. To assure consistent operations and quality control, Riordan manufacturing has a set of procedures developed for the management of receiving raw materials, tracking products during manufacturing, accounting for the finished goods inventories.ConclusionThe supply chain is an integral part of an organizations manufacturing process. A successful supply chain is able manage production costs, increase efficiency and effectiveness, and control inventory flow while averting financial impacts from unexpected supply chain disr uptions. Last, an effective supply chain is easily integrated into a businesss production planning, scheduling, and forecasting strategies to achieve maximum results.ReferenceHandfield, R. (2012). Supplier Development Strategies and Outcomes. Retrieved from http//scm.ncsu.edu/scm-articles/article/supplier-development-strategies-and-outcomes Jacobs, F. R., Chase, R. B. (2011). Operations and Supply Chain Management (13th ed.). New York, NY McGraw-Hill Irwin. Reference for Business, cyclopaedia of Business, 2nd ed. (2013). Materials Requirement Planning. Retrieved from http//www.referenceforbusiness.com/small/Mail-Op/Material-Requirements-Planning-MRP.html Turner, C. (2013). Pull System. Retrieved from http//leanmanufacturingcoach.com/pullsystem.htm

The Data Center Energy Efficiency Information Technology Essay

The Data Center Energy Efficiency Information Technology EssayResearch green computing and confinements that have been d single or argon being done by large organizations such as IBM, Dell, HP, and Google. See www.greenercomputing.com and similar sites provided on the companion web site or that you find yourself. take on your definition of green computing to including each(prenominal) of the topics listed in the background scenario. Describe each of these areas of green computing, including a detailed example of how at least one organization has implemented each one, and investigate the return on investment. Summarize your results in a ii- to three-page paper, citing at least three references. What companies are currently implementing experiences that need green computing? Find a few website and discuss what they are implementing and if they includeGreen computing, overly referred to as Green IT, is the scientific study of businesslike and executionive designing, manufacturi ng, using, disposing, and cycle of computers and computer related products like servers, net act systems, communication systems, monitors, USBs, printers, etc. (Kocherps, 2010). http//www.brighthub.com/environment/green-computing/articles/62742.aspx. Kocherps describes the four-spot paths to green computing that would help preserve inseparable resources and reduce the impact on the environmentReducing energy consumption of computers and other related products as well a using them in an in force(p) manner.Refurbishing and reusing old computers as well as properly disposing and recycling unwanted computers and other equipment.Designing energy efficient and environment onlyy sound computers and accessories.Manufacturing computers and components with minimal effect on the evnrionrment (2010).There are several applications of Green computing available, which are explained belowData Center Energy EfficiencyData center and boilers suit energy efficiency refers to the energy consumptio n. According to a survey conducted in 2009, 44% of survey respondents have seen an increase in their power bills for their data centers, which is up from 36% the previous year who did not pay much attention (Stansberry, 2009). Fontecchio (2010) wrote that the Federal Government and other major industry groups are on underdeveloped widely accepted stands for measuring a data centers energy efficiency. Fontecchio also mentions that the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) are working with half a dozen data center industry groups to standardize data center efficiency metrics (2010).electronic Waste and RecyclingThe disposal of electronic waste and recycling refers to proper disposal of used computer equipment and other electronics devices. Many government sponsored programs and manufacturers have extensive online information that details how their recycling is handled (Holcombe, 2007). Hewlett- Packard (HP) is one of legion(predicate) compani es that takes environmental issues seriously and provides solutions where businesses and consumers can donate, trade-in, recycle, or return for cash their used computer equipment (HP, 2010).TelecommutingTelecommuting is a popular benefit wherein employees perform work for a company but not physically be in the business location. This is one way that businesses are becoming more greener and lowering their office station expense (Sanchez, 2008). Office space expense can include heating, air conditioning, electricity http//www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/06/26/ciscos-telecommuting-program-boosts-productivity-cuts- prices-and-emissionsVirtual Server ResourcesVirtualization of server resources http//www.greenbiz.com/blog/2008/07/08/virtualization-servers-new-green-platform-it lithesome Client SolutionsThin client solutions http//www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/08/24/new-fujitsu-thin-client-uses-just-29-watts-full-utilizationOpen Source Software economic consumption of opens source software, an d http//www.greenbiz.com/blog/2005/10/02/closing-knowledge-gap-open-sourceSoftware tuitionDevelopment of new software to address green computing for internal use and potential sale to other organizations. http//www.dellenterprise.com/goto/client/business-pc-solutions.aspx?tab=lifecycleST=green%20computing%20phrasedgc=STcid=53849lid=1383155acd=78394,8,0,95093168,762624170,1271850709,,21878626,4381927447Weighted conclusiveness MatrixPrepare a weighted decision matrix using the template from the companion web site (wtd_decision_matrix.xls) for Ben to use to evaluate commonwealth applying to be the project manager for this grand project. Develop at least five criteria, assign weights to each criterion, assign scores, and then calculate the weighted scores for four fictitious people. cross the spreadsheet and bar chart with the results. write a one-page paper describing this weighted decision matrix and summarize the results.This Weighted Decision Matrix (Exhibit A) was designed to assist in selecting the appropriate candidate for the contrive (or Project) Manager position. Different projects require different skills. As such, Ive created a matrix that lists seven of the most important skills required for successful completion of this projectAnalytical Skills Microsoft AccessVisual Basic ProgrammingWritten and Oral CommunicationMicrosoft Office ExcelattendanceProductivityEach criteria is given a weight percentage based on importance, the highest being 25% and the lowest being 10%. The combination of these weights fitted 100%. After reviewing all of the resumes and noncurrent employee evaluations, the next four columns contained applicants best qualified for the Project Manager position. Ann and Danielle are existing employees within the company, and Stanley and Lisa are remote applicants applying for the position. On a scale from 1 to 100 (100 being the highest and best qualified), each application was given a rating based on their past or current exper iences and skills. As you can see from the results, Ann is clearly the better of all candidates scoring 90 points in five of the 7 criteria, and 70 in the remaining two criteria, bring her average criteria score to 85. It is my recommendation that you consider Ann for the position of Project Manager.Business Case and FinancialPrepare the financial region of a business case for the Green cypher Research Project. subscribe this project entrust take six months to complete (done in Year 0) and cost $500,000, and costs to implement some of the technologies would be $2,000,000 for year one and $600,000 for years two and three. Estimated benefits are $500,000 the first year after implementing and $2.5 million the following two years. Use the business case spreadsheet template from the companion web site (business_case_financials.xls) to help calculate the NPV, ROI, and year in which payback occurs. Assume a 7 percent discount rate, but move in sure it is an input that is easy to wobb le.Project CharterPrepare a project charter for the Green Computing Research Project. Assume the project pass on take six months to complete and the budget is $500,000. Use the project charter template (charter.doc) and examples of project charters in Chapters 3 and 4 as guidelines. Assume that part of the approach is to select a project team as quickly as possible. metamorphose baySince people will communicate changes to the project, you want to make sure you have a good integrated change control serve up in place. You will also want to address change requests as quickly as possible. Review the template for a change request form provided on the companion Website (change_request.doc.) Write a two-page paper describing how you plan to manage changes on this project in a timely manner. Address who will be involved in make change control decisions, what paperwork or electronic systems will be used to collect and respond to changes, and other related issues.Appendix __ is an exampl e of the Change Request Form which will be submitted by each individual associated with the project who wishes to make changes thereof. The process for submission, evaluating, and executing such request will be explained below.The Change Request (CR) form is a web form that needs to be submitted in order to make any change to the project that is not listed in the Project Charter, the Project Business Case, or the Work Breakdown Structure. The requestor must fill out section 1 in its entirety. Below is a commentary of the fields that must be completedRequestor Name This field will be automatically filled in using the username of the individual logged into the Active Directory.Project Name and Number This field is required to identify the correct project and to electronically notify the correct Project Manager.Type of CR Indicate whether this change is an enhancement or defect.Brief Description of Change Briefly describe the nature of the change, such as the correct data is not b eing abstracted. realize Submitted date of submission.Date Required date that the change should be completed by.Priority Level -Select either Low, Medium, High, or Mandatory level. All request levels will be reviewed within 5 business days, however, all request marked Mandatory or high will be analyze before all others regardless of date of submission.Reason for ChangeAttachments or ReferencesApproval Signature and Date digital signature of the requestor will be captured with the current date.After all required sections are complete, a submit button will electronically be submitted to the program manager assigned to the project name and number entered on the form. An acknowledgement will be sent to the requestor when the form is submitted successfully.The Program Manager assigned to the project will be notified via email that a change request was submitted and will receive a link to the form. The Program Manager will then complete Section 2 Initial Analysis. The Project Manager will determine the impact of the change regarding hours, duration, schedule, and cost. The Project Managers recommendation will be entered and the request will be forwarded to the Change Control Board for their closing decision. Electronic notification will be submitted to the Requestor indicating that the request has been submitted to the Board for final review. The Board will notify all parties regarding their final decision within 48 hours. The Boards final decision will now become a part of the projects history.2. PROJECT SCOPE MANAGEMENTDefine Project Scope Management here.2.1 Requirements Matrix inventory requirements for your project so far, including a requirements traceability matrix. Use the template provided (reqs_matrix.xls). Also include a list of questions you would like to ask the sponsor about the scope.Develop a scope statement for the project using the templates provided (scope_statement.doc). Be a specific as possible in describing product characteristics and del iverables. Make assumptions as needed, assuming you got answers to the questions you had in designate 1.Develop a work breakdown structure (WBS) for the project. Break down the work to level 3 or level 4, as appropriate. Use the template on the companion Web site (wbs.doc) and sam0ples in the text as guides. Print the WBS in list form as a Word file. Be sure to base your WBS on the project scope statement, stake holder requirements, and other relevant information. Remember to include the work involved in selecting the rest of your project team and outside resources as well as coordinating with the Environmental Technologies Program. Use the project management process groups as level 2 WBS items or include project management as a level 2 WBS item to make sure you include work related to managing the project.Use the WBS you developed in Task 3 above to create a Gantt chart for the project in Microsoft Project 2007. Use the outline numbering feature to display the outline numbers (cli ck Tools on the menu bar, click Options, and then click sight outline number).Do not enter any durations or dependencies. Print the resulting Gantt chart on one page, being sure to display the entire Task Name column.3. PROJECT TIME MANAGEMENTDefine Project Time Management here.3.1 ScheduleReview the WBS and Gantt chart you created for Tasks 3 and 4 in Part 2. Propose three t five additional activities you think should be added to help you estimate resources and durations. Write a one-page paper describing these new activities. post at least four milestones for this project. Write a one-page paper describing each milestone using the SMART criteria.Using the Gantt chart created for Task 4 in Part 2, and the new activities and milestones you proposed in Tasks 1 and 2 above, estimate the task durations and enter dependencies as appropriate. Remember that your schedule goal for the project is six months. Print the Gantt chart and network diagram.Write a one-page paper summarizing how y ou would assign people to each activity. Include a table or matrix listing how many hours ea h person would work on each task. These resource assignments should make sense given the duration estimates made in Task 3 above.Assume that your project team starts falling behind schedule. In several cases, it is difficult to find detailed information on some of the green computing technologies, in particular financial data. You know that it is important to meet or beat the six-month schedule goal, but quality is most important. Describe contingency strategies for making up disordered time and avoiding schedule slips in the future.4. PROJECT COST MANAGEMENTDefine Project Cost Management here..5. PROJECT QUALITY MANAGEMENTDefine project Quality Management here.

Ambivalence And Its Imagery In Heart

Ambivalence And Its Imagery In stub in that respect save been various discourses ab egress a literary solid ground of Joseph Conrad who has been called as ane of the ample pioneers in 20th English literature. Since he was a Polish author and wrote in English, his vocabulary, grammar and syntax was accepted as unusual and new at that time. non only these multilingual aspects of him but his personal experience in French, England and Congo as a ocean homophile before a writer deeply touched his many various works such as Almayers Folly, An Outcast of the Islands, Lord Jim, Nostromo, The Secret Agent, The Duel, Victory, The Shadow Line, and The Rover, Heart of Darkness.Moreover, it is important to queue up the f answer that he wrote in the heyday of the British Empire to founder a great grasp of his literary homo. He wandered European countries and colonies of Europe and then settled in England. As a cosmopolitan as well as a man who always crossed the borderline between a coun try and a country, his issues of indistinguishability risey reflected his works and those issues and his racial and political locating has often been controversial until now.Of a variety of controversies surrounding Conrads works, the most famous thing was provoked by the Nigerian writer, Chinua Achebe. In his essay, An Image of Africa Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness, he call fored that Joseph Conrad was a thoroughgoing racist (260) for spring that Africa itself-importance was a foil to Europe, as a place of negations at once remote and vaguely familiar, in comparison with which Europes own state of constitutionual grace will be manifest(261). Conrad, he says, portrays Africa as the other world, the antithesis of Europe and at that placefore of civilization(253), which makes Achebe say that Conrad took an antipathy against barren volume. The issue of racism in Conrads novels aroused controversy and it is ongoing now and it was absolutely needed considering how politica l and social situations he lived were.However, we should know that his unique descriptive room was refered and differentiated from other established authors in England in that his ability to express cryptical and mysterious things was outstanding and which contributed to make his works the subject of the controversy and consistently to cause disputes on his certain viewpoint among many scholars who tried to find out it. Furthermore, he formed a diversity of lively discussions with race, social hierarchy and gender aw atomic number 18ness as well as his distinct writing style and his complicated narrative structure. He in addition opened the arna of philosophical and historical arguments beyond literary denunciation.Likewise, of the good number of strong points in his pieces, the reason his work, Heart of Darkness is meaningful for us living the present is that this novel surprisingly epitomizes ambivalence which nitty-gritty coexistence of deuce combating values or expressi ons. To explain, the world we are living is not fixed and secure. As the barriers between countries collapse and the world gets globalized, it is hard to hold a center point we poop front upon and we are in the uncertain situation that threatens our own distinctive identity. Accordingly, if we can try to indirectly to a lower placestand Conrads ambivalent perspective in such a confused situation, it definitely helps us live our insecure lives.In this paper, I will deal with how Conrads ambivalent feelings and thinking to the highest degree the wilderness, the African raft and the albumen society was described in Heart of Darkness and look into what an potent imagery he used in embodying it literarily by using visual imagery, audile imagery and layered narrative.Ambivalence in Heart of DarknessJoseph Conrad tries to explore the inner side of a man by providing him with an array of different experiences in an exotic setting in Heart of Darkness. In Joseph Conrads psychologica l unfeignedism, Hyo-won Kim claims that Conrad often depicts psychological shocks and split personality that a protagonist suffers in tension of conflict between modern western civilization and primitive wilderness oxymoronically, an obscure un awareness and wonderful world of sub-consciousness of merciful from a skeptical perspective.(27) These conflicts between unconsciousness, consciousness and manifestation of sub-consciousness are showed in his description of the wilderness, the African people and the bloodless society.2.1 unsure Description of the WildernessIn Heart of Darkness, the wilderness has twain opposed aspects. One is an object to be conquered by the superior European countries. Another is a sort of scentual, supernatural existence not to be conquered by benignant being who is doomed to dead someday. It means that the first aspect is a reflected result of a desire of self-expansion and the second one relates to a desire for protect oneself who is aware of fini teness of a life.For starters, as Chinua Achebe pointed out, Africa in Heart of Darkness functions as just a backdrop or setting that the protagonist, Marlow enlarged his world view.(60) What is important here is that Conrad overlooked the fact that Africa was also a place that many African people live an ordinary lives equivalent white people do in Europe. He erased the finishing and hi history of Africa and made it an lineation image like a sort of concept, fantasy or whim of European people. It gives European people a chance to make an arbitrary interpretation regardless of a fact, which shows how white European people has perceived and dealt with Africa with a feeling of superiority. For example, we can see this in the comparison between the Thames and the river Congo in the first part.And indeed nothing is easier for a man who has, as the phrase goes, followed the sea with reverence and affection, than to evoke the great spirit of the past upon the lower reaches of the Tham es. (Heart of Darkness 2)What brilliance had not floated on the ebb of that river into the mystery of an unknown ground . . . The dreams of men, the disgorge of commonwealths, the germs of empires. (HD 3)The Thames is described as a starting point of mans intelligence, civilization and refinement. European people have reverence and affection to the Thames because it has the great spirit of the past and symbolizes the dreams of men. Accordingly, it reminds them of their greatness and their great past history. On the contrary, as the antithesis of the Thames, the river Congo is portrayed as the mystery of an unknown earth. (HD 3) The use of definitive word deprives Africa of its historical, cultural and political characteristics and covers the square thing of Africa under the name of the mystery. The assumption is a tool to make European people invade and exercise a force on Africa as they want. That is, the white people go to Africa to satisfy their quirk and affirm their assump tion seeing only what they want to see there. It reveals transcendental desire of the white people in that they expand their geographical area and then are trying to see what they could not see.However, the white, Marlow who determines to go to Africa with ambitious mind is overwhelmed by the wilderness, which makes him feel like keeping himself away from the truth of things, within the toil of a mournful and smellless delusion.(HD 12) With a sense of awe and fear of the wilderness, he thinks that it blurs perception of reality. It can be interpreted that Marlow unconsciously knows that he is an invader who comes to Africa with a sense of European superiority and in front of the wilderness he feels unconsciously his insignificance, his death rate when he sees the infinite coast that always looks the same. In other words, the wilderness is memento mori to him. We can see that he is aware of the fact unconsciously by the following quotation.We called at some more places with farcica l names, where the merry dance of death and trade goes on in a still and earthy ambiance as of an overheated catacomb all along the formless coast bordered by dangerous surf, as if Nature herself had tried to ward off intruders in and out of rivers, streams of death in life. (HD 13)At the same time, he feels uneasy with the melodic theme that the wilderness destroys him and leads him to death. It derives from a sense of guilt about the general European mind that considers reputation as a target of conquest and suppression. The expression he uses such as intruders and death in life mirrors his subconscious execration well.2.2 Ambivalent Description of African PeopleAfrican people, in common with the wilderness, are described differently reflecting Conrads ambivalent mind. Like the wilderness, African people are barbarous and thus an object of subjugation, modernization and detribalization with reason and enlightenment which is a solid foundation for Western imperialism. In contra st, he finds that human beings are always helpless against the force of nature and he sometimes identifies African people with nature. As a result, he also experiences supernatural motive from them in harmony with nature. Additionally, what is important here is that he feels a sense of kinship as the same human being.To begin with, Conrad likens African people to black ants, tender beast and he does not forget to refer their skin color which is black. Sometimes, he eliminates their form or their presence by telling them simply black shadows or shades. In An Image of Africa Racism in Conrads Heart of Darkness, Achebe says that in the place of speech African people made a violent blabber of uncouth sounds and exchanged short grunting phrases even among themselves.(57) Likewise, African people has no great difference from beasts in this novel and even reminds us of devil advanceing from Hell.catch im, he snapped with a bloodshot widening of his eyes and a flash of sharp teeth -cat chim. Giveim to us. To you, eh? I asked what would you do with them? Eatim he said curtly. . . . (HD 42)His attitude that separates himself from African people by emphasizing their inhumane aspects suggests how he perceives African people. That is, he just seems to want to confirm that he was a more superior, favour white person. As a result, his purpose of exploration is not based on enlargement of worldview or self-expansion. He just has a sense of favor for the ignorant natives with the superiority of European culture.However, as we discussed in the ambivalent description of the wilderness, there also exists ambivalence about some of the African people. Similarly, Conrad gives supernatural spirit and power to an African woman who is some kind of mistress to Mr. Kurtz.She was savage and superb, wild-eyed and magnificent there was something ominous and stately in her deliberate progress. And in the hush that had fallen suddenly upon the whole sorrowful land, the immense wildernes s, the colossal body of the fecund and mysterious life seemed to look at her, pensive, as though it had been looking at the image of its own tenebrous and passionate psyche. (HD 66)Her appearance leads us to think of a possessed shaman who connects this world and the next. A shaman mediates between the world and the next and manages affairs of human that usual people cannot know and do. In this sense, she is a superior existence to Marlow and that is what Conrad suggests. In addition, in Joseph Conrads Ambivalent Criticism of Imperialism, Sang-kee Park explains that this woman in harmony with the background of nature expresses the vital force that European people do not possess. Park also indicates that there is a stark contrast between richness and vigor of the African woman and paleness of the Mr. Kurtzs fiance.(17) From Achebes claim that Conrad lavishes a whole rogue instead unexpectedly on the African woman (56), we know Conrads intention showing that Marlow is attracted by her fecundity and full vitality. It means that Marlow is struck as small deathlike human being before the woman who symbolizes infinity or a perpetual life.Two kinds of African people I explained above are in the opposite sides and represent Marlows ambivalent feelings of African people. Meanwhile, there is another man who lies between the extremes, who is Marlows African helmsman. He drops down with a spear in his center of attention and gives his white master a look in final moment.And the intimate profundity of that look he gave me when he received his hurt remains to this day in my memory like a claim of distant kinship affirmed in a supreme moment. (HD 54)After his death, he realizes that a deadly bond between Marlow and his helmsman is broken. A significant point is that he notices a sense of fellowship after death because it suggests that in a look of life and death human being are equal regardless of race, national identity and power.Furthermore, there are some African people on the verge of starvation who startle Marlow by the fact that they do not eat European people despite of hunger. Marlow finds out that cannibalism is no more than their use they also have self- restraint opposed to beasts. Consequently, these direct experiences weaken a deep-rooted front prejudice or a sense of superiority in Marlow and expand his civilized identity in European cultural context to a cosmopolitans perception. In the Images of the Superior man and the mean man in Heart of Darkness, Cheol-soo Kim says that Conrad pursues Marlow to do self-expansion as a protagonist in the open world by overcoming self-centered viewpoint and escaping himself from a narrow worldview and to recover similarityship with others. (7) Additionally, it implies criticism of western culture that constructs self-centered empire as a result of oppressing others. As we examine, the description of the African people in Heart of Darkness has two different aspects which are hatred (abominati on) as others and affection (fascination) as the same human being. This citation shows that clearly.Land in a swamp, march by means of the woods, and in some inland post feel the savagery, the utter savagery, had closed round him, all that mysterious life of the wilderness that stirs in the forest, in the jungles, in the gist of wild men. Theres no initiation either into such mysteries. He has to live in the midst of the incomprehensible, which is also detestable. And it has a fascination, too, that goes to work upon him. The fascination of the abomination-you know. (HD 106)Through those proceedings, Marlow seems to approach the truth of a life. However, Conrad never resolves the ambivalence in Marlow even at the ending of this novel. Depending upon the story, we can just assume that a series of experience would better Marlows life but cannot conclude what truth is because Conrad sticks to his distinctive oblique writing style.Ambivalent Description of White SocietyAchebe assert s that the Thames too has been one of the downhearted places of the earth but conquered its darkness, of course, and is now in daylight and at peace. Then he tells that Conrad divides the river Congo and the Thames into bestiality and civilization. (253) However, description of white society is not always authoritative even though description about greatness of the Thames is splendid. White society in this novel is seemingly refined and elegant but his underlying idea of it sometimes seems to be inexorable and uncomfortable. We would catch his skeptical tone about white society representing civilization, culture, politics and economy. We can see this in the following facet that Marlow arrives in a city to sign a contract to be a seaman.A narrow and deserted street in deep shadow, high up houses, innumerable windows with venetian blinds, a dead silence, grass sprouting between the stones, imposing carriage archways right and left, immense double doors standing ponderously ajar. I slipped through one of these cracks, went up a swept and ungarnished staircase, as arid as a desert, and opened the first door I came to. Two women, one fat and the other slim, sat on straw-bottomed chairs, knitting black wool. (HD 8)As Marlow says that the city makes him think of a whited sepulcher, the image of city is different from what we usually regard crowded and dynamic. His description of the city is prosaic, coercive. Plus, when we recall that a whited sepulcher implies confinement, death and hypocrisy, we can presume his unconscious feelings of the city. Park also says that Belgium, a capital of European imperialism, is showed a whited sepulcher referred in Matthew 23. This expression is originally a figure of speech used by Jesus Christ to criticize a faqih place stress on formal ostentation and hypocrisy of Pharisee. He claims that the inside of a whited sepulcher is full of death and smuttiness even though the international of it is beautiful and coated cleanly. (27 4) Likewise, Conrad portrays Belgium as a place death and hypocrisy which is the center of imperialism. The image of the city gives us a feeling like a phantom town where no human lives and displays that civilization gets rid of vitality of human life. We also cannot overlook two women knitting black wool because an act of knitting closely relates to humans impending doom when we recall Charles Dickenss A Tale of Two Cities, in which Madame Defarge knits with the steadfastness of Fate (HD 103) Thus, the descriptions of the Thames and the city have ambivalence in that each represents light and darkness, peace and death.Additionally, there are many white people in Heart of Darkness. As a foreigner in Congo, Marlow encounters two types of white people. As Marlow decides to go to Congo out of his curiosity and passion, he meets the same kind of people who have inquiring mind or curiosity about life. Marlow first meets a doctor who wants to measure Marlows head saying that I always ask l eave, in the interests of science, to measure the crania of those going out there.(HD 10) He is the man who dedicates to a progress of science and believes that he can do it.I have a little theory which you Messieurs who go out there must help me to prove. This is my share in the advantages my country shall reap from the possession of such a magnificent dependency. The mere wealth I leave to others. (HD 10)His remark shows that he does not care of personal economic benefit but he cares of the advance of science and the advantage of empire. The old doctor has a sense of duty, dream and lofty ideal to make new discovery.Marlow then sees a white man under a hat like a cart-wheel beckoning persistently with his whole arm (HD 55) at the river-bank. He is a young Russian man and has looked after Mr. Kurtz. Marlow envies him and he is captivated by his spirit of ad opine.If the absolutely pure, uncalculating, unpractical spirit of adventure had ever ruled a human being, it ruled this be-pa tched youth. I almost envied him the possession of this modest and clear flame. It seemed to have consumed all thought of self so completely, that, even while he was talking to you, you forgot that it was he-the man before your eyes-who had gone through these things. (HD 59)The reason Marlow is enchanted by him is the fact that the Russian man keeps his pure mind and hope even though he is in savage and crude situation contrary to himself who is disappointed by secular white people and fearful barbarism.Meanwhile, the other description is completely different from them. The previous captain before Marlow is murdered by African people. There was misunderstanding about two black hens between the man and African people, in the process, he tried to show self-respect and finally beat the chief with hammer. In A Comparative Study of Narrative Structure on Heart of Darkness Apocalypse Now Modernism vs. Postmodernism, Mi-Sook Um indicates that he is a precursor of Mr. Kurtz in that he goes to the Africa with a torch to realize noble ideals that enlightens barbarians. (5) In the jungle, Marlow faces impulsiveness and violence of white society when an opportunity offered at last to meet his predecessor, the grass growing through his ribs was tall enough to hide his bones.(HD 7)The Companys chief accountant shows well how western modernization and capitalism covers violent act of crime and a system isolates human from touches of humanity.I met a white man, in such an unexpected elegance of get-up that in the first moment I took him for assort of vision. I saw a high starched collar, white cuffs, a light alpaca jacket, snowy trousers, a clear necktie, and varnished boots. No hat. Hair parted, brushed, oiled, under a green-lined parasol held in a big white hand. He was amazing, and had a penholder behind his ear. (HD 17)Um explains that the chief accountant neglects African peoples groans with starvation and disease and do his work hard, which shows snobbery in that he re gards African people as an obstacle in doing his job. (5) His books, which were in apple-pie order (HD 17) means his irrationality because this achievement can be made under exploitation and sacrifice of African people. Marlow calls it achievement and accomplishment. Nevertheless, Marlows remark that his appearance was certainly that of a hairdressers dummy but in the great demoralization of the land he kept up his appearance (HD 17) unconsciously suggests ugly aspect of humanity and in that sense the accountant is like a hollow man who have no hearts. In other words, the accountant signifies both extreme moderation, self-control and pitilessness, cruelty. The rest of white people are blind to personal gains and corrupted. That is inside and alfresco of western European imperialism and we can grasp that it reflects the contradiction of European ideals from his ambivalent description of the white people.Imagery of AmbivalenceThere are some effective imageries of ambivalence in Heart of Darkness. To convey his theme symbolically, Conrad often uses visual imagery such as white and black, light and darkness, auditory imagery such as frenzy and silence and unique narrative structure.3.1 Visual ImageryIt is easy to compare Heart of Darkness with an aesthetic architecture because the structure of the story is systematically composed with the starting, the middle and the end charged of various symbols. The low gear part as embryo of the story starts description of a steamboat. The Nellie, a cruising yawl, swung to her pillar without a flutter of the sails, and was at rest. The sea-reach of the Thames stretched before us like the beginning of an interminable waterway.(HD 1) We can easily bring out a mans exploration against nature or a mans quest into the abyss of the soul with a regard to a boat and the river. Accordingly, the term interminable means invisible reverse of ones soul and the hidden inside of life. In The Mythic Structure of Joseph Conrads Heart of Da rkness, Hyun, Young-Min also explains that Marlows journey into the mystery of an unknown earth thus symbolizes not only mans venture into his past history but also a quest into the abyss of human soul. (14) Likewise, Conrad tries to show inexpressible or incomprehensible things to us by enlarge expression like this with these symbols.Conrad often also uses visual contrast such as white and black, light and darkness. The image of flannel in the story appears in a white sepulcher, bone and light and white people and the bald head of Kurtz. In the case of light and white people in the beginning part, light and whiteness are a symbol of enlightenment that eliminates darkness representing evil and barbarism but it reveals the other side as the story goes. Park, Sun-Hwa, in To make you see through the Symbols in Joseph Conrads Lord Jim, says that Marlow thinks that the natives are murderer or barbarians with wickedness, aggressiveness and violence before he goes to Congo but he realize s that the natives have strong vitality and are living harmoniously with nature. On the contrary, white people who are exploiting them and make them starve are indeed barbarians. Thus, whiteness suggests hypocrisy of civilized people, and black is the power of life force. (9) We can know these symbols of whiteness in the description of the accountant wearing white clothes and ivory representing of humans self-centeredness, vanity and depravity of human nature. (9) To be specific, Hyun, Young-Min explains that thus this light is suggestive of the whiteness of civilization which blights and impoverishes the black savages relentlessly instead of playing a role of the torch to enlighten them. This light is symbolic of the spiritual emptiness of a white man indicated in Kurtz. The blinding symbolism of European civilization is well expressed in Kurtzs painting of a woman, draped and blindfolded, carrying a lighted torch(HD 25) (12) When we regard destructive nature of fire (torch or ligh t), we can find out that it has ambivalent imagery.The image of black and darkness is referred in the skin color of African people, two women knitting black wool in Brussels, Mr. Kurtz and the wilderness. It is associated with death, mutual exclusiveness and emptiness in soul. At first, darkness of the wilderness means both horror and a sense of awe for Marlow because he feels fear of infinite power of nature. Black people are also a target to be improved, humanized to need enlightenment (light). However, as he sees the terrible scenes of imperialism which are suffering beings, a variety of kinds of corruption and Mr. Kurtz who is a devil incarnate, the meaning of darkness comes to change into dark side of civilization and European imperialistic people with profoundly dark souls. That is, he is shocked by the fact that Chaos or Hell expressed as darkness is not in the wilderness, but the world of civilization, culture he lives in. Accordingly, such an ugly truth enlightens Marlow, which could be regarded as being in Hell or Chaos because the truth shakes his world supporting his previous conception and conviction. In the same vein, it closely relates to Marlows significant remark on dying Mr. Kurtz that His was an impenetrable darkness. (HD 75) and Mr. Kurtzs final remark, The horror The horror (HD 76)3.2 Auditory ImageryEspecially, Conrad overthrows auditory imagery as regards to the core theme of the story and shows the process that Marlows thinking changes. Silence in the Thames shows peaceful and orderly world that conquered all of the confusion and ailment before. On the contrary, silence in the river Congo is a threat to Marlow because it makes him feel a sense of guilt by giving him time to reflect on himself.And outside, the silent wilderness surrounding this cleared speck on the earth struck me as something great and invincible, like evil or truth, waiting patiently for the passing away of this fantastic invasion. (HD 23)This is because he subconsci ously realizes that the reason he is here does not be resulted from simple curiosity and pure passion of exploration. As a result, he feels that he is not different from white people that he gets totally disenchanted. I became in an instant as much of a pretence as the rest of the bewitched pilgrims.(HD 27) Therefore, since the act of soul-searching leads him to see the hidden truth under the surface, he fears of silence in the wilderness that gives a chance of self-examination and makes him know his self-deception.You know I hate, detest, and cant bear a lie, not because I am straighter than the rest of us, but simply because it appals me. There is a taint of death, a flavor of mortality in lies, which is exactly what I hate and detest in the world what I want to forget. (HD 27)In terms of frenzy or noise from wilderness, he considers it primitive for the reason that African people are all savage and barbarous at first. Nevertheless, he becomes confused as he sees the brutal scen es of imperialism, so eventually he starts feeling that it is fury of nature.Perhaps on some quiet night the affright of far-off drums, sinking, swelling, a tremor vast, faint a sound weird, appealing, suggestive, and wild and perhaps with as profound a meaning as the sound of bells in a Christian country. (HD 19)Free from a private individual, he thinks that invaders coming to Africa are receiving punishment for Europe-centered mind which conquers and exploits nature and only pursues ones benefit. Compared to a bell in a Christian country, it shakes the earth because the sound of nature relates to the conscience in humans mind.As for the final burst of Kurtz, it is the moment of change from Marlows previous abstract ideal idea to realization of reality. He always listens about Mr. Kurtz from the general manager, the accountant and the Russian man in the station. The stories about Kurtz are just full of words like God. He was just a word for me.(HD 27) Finally he listens to his vo ice though. It means the distance between our idea or apprehension and the real situations. Although His expectation to meet Kurtz realizes, he finds out Kurtz degrades beyond his control and reason. However, we should remember that this story is also handed down by the listeners, who are Marlow and unknown speaker. Accordingly, it shows that there is always room for reinterpretation, distortion and beatification.I did not see the man in the name any more than you do. Do you see him? Do you see the story? Do you see the anything? It seems to me I am trying to tell you a dream making a vain attempt, because no relation of a dream can convey the dream-sensation, that commingling of absurdity, surprise, and bewilderment in a tremor of struggling revolt, that notion of being captured by the incredible which is of the very essence of dreams. . . . (HD 27)Finally, when we consider that voice instantly disappears as soon as it emanates, we can understand that it is analogy of our morta l life. No matter how we try to approach the truth, it is demanding to have a clear sense of it. In addition, the meaning of such an act or the truth is likely to get discolored because we are living in a limited time. All we can do is interminable effort as if we walk in complete darkness.3.3 Imagery of NarrativeAbove all, when we read the beginning part of the story, it does not seem to be interested in the very corner story as if glow brings out of a haze.(HD 3) A particular portrayal of landscape discourages us to read and catch it because diffuse sentences and overflowing adjectives overwhelm us. Therefore, we cannot get the idea because even making a picture in our head reaches a limit even though visual details should extend the range of perception.Interestingly, though, that is how to Conrad displays his idea, which is a symbolic setting. That is, he takes advantage of the fact that we cannot hold on feelings and situations at that time because those moments already passed and even we pick a story up from others. The point is that it is inevitable that there are gaps between idea and reality, the real situation and experience that we think and rearrange by our feeling and thinking. For example, it applies to Marlows journey because he goes to Congo with yearning for exploration but he becomes disillusioned. It shows that his ideal idea is betrayed by reality.Furthermore, since Marlow depicts his past experience, his depiction might have been changed by his subjective analysis. Kurtzs story is also conveyed by Marlows perspective. In addition, an anonymous speaker is telling Marlows story, which means that opinions of the anonymous speaker are projected in the story. In this sense, in Vision, Illusion, and Misinterpretation in Conrads Under Western Eyes, Jong-Seok Kim indicates that of special importance is the fact that the bother of illusion is not restricted to the novels protagonist and narrator alone it is also true of the novels other main char acters. For them, the world is like a blank page on which they project their own ideas, hopes, prejudices, and des

Coastal Squeeze Of Salt Marshes Environmental Sciences Essay

coastal Squeeze Of Salt Marshes Environmental Sciences EssayCoastal prick of flavor marshes refers to any situation in which the coastal margin, which is the bea buffering land and sea is squeezed between the fixed boundary of the land, and the rising sea direct. Numerous studies regarding rising sea take aim exist, though there is completely a select few that directly address the problem of coastal squeeze on tidal marshes. Past 200 years has seen an accelerated and unparalleled loss of natural wetlands due to direct and indirect human promptivity. A reported 50% or salt marshes are illogical or degrade world tolerant (MEA 2005, UNEP 2006). Despite ongoing restoration efforts around the world, the overall demands for more housing and associated development activities will lead to more loss of active wetlands. An change magnitude population, coupled with agricultural development and advances in technology have an ever greater impact on wetlands.Humans have been utilizing wetlands and their resources since the onset of organized civilization. put down use of salt marshes for ecosystem services date back to the Neolithic in some areas (Knotterus 2005), and the origin of civilization is said to be the Mesopotamian tidal marshes, or the juicy Crescent. (Sanlaville 2002) Nevertheless, wetlands have been undergoing mass degradation worldwide, with losses in the coupled States beginning with the arrival of early settlers in the late 16th century. Studies show that the United States has lost 54% of its original 87 one million million hectares of wetland, and that number is continually dwindling. (Tiner 1984) This loss of wetlands can but be expected to get worse with rising sea level which will drown and squeeze out many coastal marshes. Current predictions expect sea level to rise by 40cm by 2080, producing spacious impacts on coastal wetland.Human UseThe enclosure of coastal land, namely salt marshes, has been a way of artificially creating product ive land for many centuries. tooth root with the colonization of the United States by Dutch and English settlers in the late 17th century, salt marshes were used by humans for a variety of uses, their primary feather use being grazing of livestock, and harvesting of salt hay to be used as livestock feed and fodder. Salt marshes during this period of time were a great deal artificially diked, filled, planted and tilled to create an alterable and ideal landscape for agricultural use. This general drainage was most prevalent in the southern colonies of the United States. As the industrial revolution began in the 19th century, agriculture began to move across the US via Westward Expansion, and an increasing immigrant population and the need for urban magnification yielded a new population which had little connection to the land. In this time period, salt marshes were increasingly reborn to usable space, such as housing and industrial factories. (Bromberg- Gedan Sillman 2009) The public perception of salt marshes shifted from that of a fertile agricultural land, to a menace to health and life, a trackless wasteland that must be converted to a usable landscape. In this time period, a large portion of the United States salt marshes were converted into other types of environments, often urbanized.It was not until the late sixties that the respect of salt marshes was recognized again by the United States public and governmental population, and these concerns have deepend over time as repeated environmental and frugal disasters validate the predictions of the 60s and 70s. Scientific perspectives towards wetland science are shifting to contain a wider recognition of the consequences of wetland degradation, opportunities for wetlands to deliver improvements through integrated development, a focus through the saving heading, and more recognition of ecosystem services within policy frameworks. (Maltby, 2009) The concept of wise use of wetlands, enacted through t he Ramsar Convention of 1970, was a major leap forward in the saving of coastal wetlands, with its regulations and goals still being used in coastal policy today. (Maltby 2009)Though human society has made leaps and bounds in the preservation of salt marshes, the current rate of loss is estimated at 1-2% per year worldwide. (Butler, 2010) The diked coastal englutplain of the US is about 50,000 km in size, much of which would have been coastal wetlands, and while restoration efforts are in place, it is not enough to counteract the loss worldwide. Models suggest that upcoming coastal wetland loss through sea level rise will reach 5-20% of current wetlands by 2080, while urban development will continue to pressure wetlands. The global biodiversity outlook suggests that this coastal squeeze whitethorn cause coastal wetland systems to be reduced to narrow fringes by 2100, or lost entirely. (Figure 1)http//www. margeapedia.org/images/d/db/Global_warming_graphic3.gifFigure 1 Anticipated future changes to salt marshes as sea level rises. (Titus 1991)The Importance of salt marshesTo stand at the edge of the sea, to sense the ebb and flow of the tides, to feel the breath of a mist piteous over a great salt marsh, to watch the flight of shore birds that have swept up and down the surf lines of the continents for much(prenominal) thou moxies of years, to see the running of the old eels and the young shad to sea, is to have the knowledge of things that are fullly eternal as any earthly life can be.- Rachel Carson, nether the Sea Wind, 1941National academy of Sciences defines wetlands as ecosystems that depend on constant or recurrent, modify inundation or saturation at or near the draw close of the substrate. The minimum essential characteristics of a wetland are recurrent, sustained inundation or saturated at or near the surface and the presence of physical, chemical, and biological features reflective of recurrent, sustained inundation or saturation. Common diagn ostic features of wetlands are hydric soils, and hydrophytic vegetation. These features will not be present where specific physio-chemical, biotic, or anthropogenic factors have removed them or prevented their development. (Natural Resource Council, 1995) Technically, wetlands can occur in any area in which precipitation is larger than losses from desiccation and drainage, but are dependent on how humans choose to use them. Since the colonization of the United States, wetlands have been steadily decreasing.Wetland occur over a wide range of environments, from the arctic to the tropics, from coastal areas to secluded intercontinental areas. The total wetland area on earth has been estimated to be approximately 6% of its total land surface at a minimum, as many countries do not have comprehensive inventories of identified wetlands. (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000) In North America, specifically the USA and Canada, there is an estimated 14.2 million hectares of wetlands (Scott and Jones 1 995). The wetlands of the United States span the entire east coast, and are also incredibly extensive along the Gulf of Mexico, but less common on the steeper, rockier Pacific coast. This paper will focus on the salt marshes of the Eastern United States, namely New England. Complex interactions take place within these ecosystems, in which the biotic and abiotic world are fully linked. The interactions that take place within these environments provide the basis for the delivery of goods and services from these ecosystems. The provision of these services, however, is reliant on the maintenance and certificate of these ecosystems. Benefits from ecological processes that occur in wetlands are not always obvious, and for this reason, they tend to be ignored by humans when decisions are made to alter wetlands. As stated in The Wetlands Handbook, Wetland functions are the result of ecological processes that are necessary for the self-maintenance of the ecosystems, and occur without human intervention. (Maltby 2009)Wetlands protect and maintain pee quality by providing a filter for sediments and excess nutrients, essentially purifying water in connected water resources, such as oceans, lakes, and rivers, which are used by humans for amateurish activities, and drinking water. Nutrients, toxins, and sediments enter the wetland environment via runoff, which in urban areas can contain very high levels of toxic materials which could contaminate the water supply, if not for filtration via marshes and wetlands. Scientists have estimated that wetlands may remove between 70% and 90% of the worlds entering nitrogen (Reilly 1991, Gilliam 1994), in step-up to the removal of pathogens, toxic metals such as lead and copper, surface water pollutants, and other nutrients such as phosphorus. Salt marshes alone sequester more carbon in their soils than any other temperate biome partially due to the uncomparable microbes that live in these environments, sequestering roughly 771 Bi llion tons, the same amount that is currently in our atmosphere. In addition to this, they contribute 1% or more to the yearly global loss of fixed nitrogen via microbially mediated denitrification. (Schuster Watson 2007)The hydrology of a particular wetland environment controls every factor of the ecosystem, including nutrient cycling, biogeochemical processes, species biodiversity, and filtration. (Maltby 2009) Coastal Wetlands are not only an interface between land and sea, but also an interface between groundwater, surface water, and atmospheric moisture. Wetlands process key ecosystem elements such as nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, and thereof are the basis of ecosystem functioning and balance. It is this balance that maintains the supply of wetland products and service that are valuable to humans and other species alike. However, like many environments, this balance is fragile, and the removal or addition of one key element could alter the way the entire ecosystem functio ns.Salt marshes provide many valuable ecosystem services which must be preserved. (Table 1) Salt marshes act as natural filters that purify water entering the estuary (Mitsch and Gosselink 2008). As water passes through marshes, it slows due to friction of grasses. Suspended sediments are then deposited on the marsh surface, facilitating nutrient uptake, and filtering the water. This filtration is very valuable to human drinking water, as displayed In Louisiana, where treatment of wastewater attained capitalized cost savings of $785 to $15,000/acre compared to municipal treatment. (Breaux 1995) Marshes are an of the essence(p) storm buffer, and provide many resources such as fish, sand, gravel, hay, and shellfish to humans.Table 1 Values of ecosystem services of tidal marshesEcosystem service Examples of human benefitsAverage value(Adj. 2007 $a ha1 year1)Disturbance regulation Storm protection and shoreline protection $2824Waste treatment Nutrient removal and trans progress toation $9565habitat/refugia Fish and shrimp nurseries $280Food production Fishing, hunting, gathering, aquaculture $421aw materials Fur trapping $136Recreation Hunting, fishing, birdwatching $1171TOTAL $14,397Table 1 Estimated monetary value of ecosystem services marshes provide on an annual basis (Gedan Bromwell, 2009)Dollar values were adjusted for inflation from original data, presented in 1994 dollars (Costanza et al. 1997). The adjustment was done with the U.S. Department of Labor Inflation Calculator, which uses the Consumer Price powerfulness to correct values through time. Please see Costanza et al. (1997) for valuation methods and note that this valuation method is not universally accepted by economists, see Bockstael et al. (2000)Coastal Squeeze in MarshesCoastal squeeze, as defined by the Environment Agency of England is The reduction of intertidal ( opine low water spring tide to mean high water spring tide) habitat as a consequence of sea level rise and the action of flood defenses. If sea levels rise without flood defenses in place, the inter-tidal area is able to gradually move inland over time and there is no net loss of habitat. With defenses or other constraints present, the movement inland of the high water line is impeded, but the low waterline moves shoreward, which leads to a loss of the inter-tidal delta. (Figure 2) (Black and Veatch, 2006) It occurs when landward conversion is not able to take place. landwards conversion takes place when the lower limits of salt marsh habitats are eroded, and the eroded sediments are re-deposited further landwards. This process is often referred to as habitat rollover.http//www.eloisegroup.org/themes/ humorchange/images/coastal_squeeze.jpgFigure 2 Illustration of the process of coastal squeeze due to seawalls. (Pontee 2011)Causes of Coastal SqueezeThere are many different driving factors of coastal squeeze, including sea level rise, waves, storm activity, sediment supply, and sediment mobility. Coastal ero sion is the main factor in coastal squeeze, as it would not be able to occur if it were not for sea level rise and the resulting need for a migration of the salt marsh landscape. Natural causes of coastal squeeze are loss of the total wetland area by coastal erosion and inundation, change in forest or beach structure via natural disasters or erosion, migration rather than overall loss, and the accretion of new beach or land. There are also a number of anthropogenic causes of erosion, which tend to be more localized than natural causes. Oftentimes, the erosion is caused by sand and gravel extraction from beaches, the construction of piers or breakwaters, which interrupt sediment transport, and the construction of floodwalls and ditches, which prevent coastal retreat. (Pontee 2011) . Examples of anthropogenic coastal defenses include seawalls, which are large concrete structures, bulkheads, which are retaining walls made of wood (not only do they block landward migration, but also oft en release toxins into the water), and revetment, which is a sloping structure of rocks which decreases the s abodeow water refuge of an intertidal zone. (Butler 2007) While the width of coastal environments varies natural on an annual, or even a month to month basis, the result of anthropogenic coastal squeeze are typically long term, if restoration actions are not taken.Relation to Climate ChangeClimate change can appropriate salt marshes in a number of different ways, namely through sea level rise, particularly when sea walls prevent marsh vegetation from moving upward and inland. With predicted rates of sea level rise, coastal accretion may very well fail to keep pace with this accelerated rise if a critical threshold is crossed, and marsh vegetation is drowned. (Kirwan and Guntenspergen 2009) However, sea level rise does not always lead to the loss of marsh areas, because some marshes experience a process called vertical accretion, in which sediments accumulate vertically, hel ping the marsh to maintain their elevation with the respect to sea-level where the supply of sediment is sufficient. This is only possible, however, in areas in which the sediment is available. In areas where the sediment supply is more limited, marshes are more susceptible to coastal squeeze, which may lead to their eventual drowning. Vertical Accretion is not always good, however, because after a certain height, marshes will no longer be regularly inundated by the tide, and this accretion will form a natural barrier. (Temmerman et al 2004) rising slope levels of Co2 may affect salt marsh plants and limit their response to coastal squeeze, and temperature change could potentially alter the geographic distribution of salt marshes in temperate and arctic latitudes. (Chapman 1977) However, temperature may change too quickly for many marshes to migrate and adjust. Recent evidence suggests that hurricane intensity and oftenness is also anticipated to increase with climate change, caus ing higher rates of erosion in tidal marshes, increasing the rate of coastal squeeze. (IPCC 2007)Case StudiesAbbots hall Abbots hall Farm is located within the Blackwater Estuary of Essex, England. It consists of farmland, dry grassland, salt tolerant grassland, and existing marsh areas. The main factor in the increasing problem of coastal squeeze in this area was the 3.8km of sea wall along the north bank of the Salcott Channel, a main marsh creek. The saltmarsh was on the seaward side of this wall, thus subjecting it to coastal squeeze by limiting it migration landwards. However, the Coastal Realignment project breached the wall in many areas, so as to provide area for new saltmarsh to form inland. While wall still remains at the ends of the farm as property markers, the resulting intermittent, unrestricted areas of marsh now have the potential to remain levelheaded and viable in the future. While this is an improvement, the Essex coastline still contains over 400 miles of sea wa ll, built to enclose saltings to improve grazing. Though these are not expected to be taken down in the near future, the loss of wetlands may prompt a dire need to do just so. (Figure 3)Figure 3 Rising seas causing a narrowing shoreline on the Blackwater Estuary, Essex (Doody, 2004)The Gulf coast Region of the United States, which includes vast marshes such as the Florida Everglades, is experiencing some of the highest wetland loss rates in the United States, largely because of human interference. The Everglades region of Florida contains a wide array of wetland environments, including sawgrass prairies, salt marshes, tree islands, and mangrove forests. The Southern Florida Project for Flood Control and separate Purposes of 1948 created many canals, floodgates, and levees to reduce flood risks to agriculture, transportation, and urban development. However, they interfered with natural hydrological processes in the area, and in return, actually reduced their natural capacity to miti gate flooding. (Robert Twilley 2007)Future Expectations and ConclusionsGlobal climate change is expected to affect can and atmospheric circulation, sea level rise, the intensity of hurricanes, the magnitude of precipitation, and sea surface and air temperatures. (IPCC 2007) Under normal conditions, salt marshes adjust to these conditions, but under the increased pressures of population rise and urbanization, combined with the ever quickening rate of climate change, salt marshes may not be able to adapt fast enough to the changes occurring around them. The future hydrology of salt marshes will all depend on these factors. In the case of a widespread depletion of salt marshes, we can anticipate the effects to worsen globally.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

As you inhale the aggregate odor of your senior class for the stretch forth time, Im sure there are many burning questions racing through your minds Will I find my place in the sphere? If youre lucky. Am I really going to graduate a virgin? Yeah, probably. Who is that incredibly handsome young man addressing us, and how long do we be possessed of the privilege of listening to him? Howdy, Andrew Gonzales here, and hopefully not long I realize that your robes are reservation you sweat, your thongs are making you uncomfortable, and my use of the words virgin and thongs is making your parents sweaty and uncomfortable. Im not up here to talk about sweaty undergarments, though. Im not even up here because of my charm and trusty looks. I have been granted this lovely opportunity to speak to compensate for the misery that went into the earning of the title valedictorian, and all the misery that will envelope the sojourn of my life as a result of it. Whenever I cant figure out how the pump works at the gas station, Ill hear, And you were valedictorian? If I try to pull on a door that says push, it will be, You were valedictorian? Get caught picking my nose on the jumbo-tron at a baseball game, and the jeers will assault me Hey, jackass, were you really valedictorian? The purpose of a graduation speech, as it has been laid out before me, is not to complain, though, but rather to pudding head the hell out of you. Thats why my speech will last about four hours and seventeen minutes, filled with uninspiring poetry readings, bland quotes, insignificant anecdotes and the traditional candied assortment of shameless clichs and platitudes. Of course, I do realize that my speech is a compulsory formality, and that, in all likelihood, nothing I say will ... ...s and a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush yadda yadda yadda. But, most importantly, have a sense of caprice and cherish this gift of spasms and primitive noises as a part of human nature, before you age to the point where your heart will stop if you laugh. Laugh at lifes ironies and disappointments. Laugh at your society, your friends, and yourself. Laugh at Carrot Top even, not because he is funny, but because he thinks he is funny, which is so poor and absurd that it actually is funny. Im going to end with a fitting quote. Its not by Jefferson or Emerson as is customary in graduation speeches, but by the Harvard graduate, talk-show host, and comedian, Conan OBrien. If you can laugh at yourself loud and hard every time you fall, people will think youre drunk. Thank you Northglenn High class of 2006. I hope to laugh at you all again in ten years.

Single Slit Diffraction Pattern of Light :: Mathematics Math

Missing FiguresSINGLE SLIT DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF LIGHTThe diffraction exemplification observed with decrease and a small putz comes up in about every high school and first year university general natural philosophy class. The intention of this paper is to explain this pattern at the academic direct mentioned above. Light is interesting and mysterious because it consists of both a beam of particles, and of undulations in motion. stray PARTICLE DUALITYAll carriers of energy and momentum, such as weightlessness and electrons, propagate like a wave and exchange energy like a particle.It wasnt until the 19th century that convincing evidence was found showing that light behaves like waves. Before reading on, you may wish to review some wave terminology.The key to understanding why light behaves like waves is in hindrance and DIFFRACTION.Interference and Diffraction are the phenomena that distinguish waves from particles waves interfere and diffract, particles do not.Light bends round obstacles like waves do, and it is this bending which causes the single cocksucker diffraction pattern.Some assumptions must be made for this description of the single slit diffraction pattern * The slit size is small, intercourse to the wavelength of light. * The overwhelm is far away. * Cylindrical waves can be represented in 2D diagrams as cicular waves. * The intensity at any point on the screen is independent of the angle made between the ray to the screen and the customary line between the slit and the screen (this angle is called T below). This is possible because the slit is narrow. point1Consider a slit of width a, light of wavelength l, and a smaller than l.When the light encounters the slit, the pattern of the resulting wave can be calculated by treating individually point in the aperature as a point source from which naked waves spread out.pointb allow L represent the distance between the slit and the screen.Let T represent the angle between the wave ray to a point on the screenand the normal line between the slit and the screen.point2The slide by part of the figure to the left is an imitation of a single slit diffraction pattern which may be observed on the screen (there would really be more blending between the bright and dark bands, see a real diffraction pattern at the top of this page).Below the pattern is an intensity shut off graph showing the intensity of the light in the diffraction pattern as a function of sin T.Single Slit Diffraction Pattern of Light Mathematics MathMissing FiguresSINGLE SLIT DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF LIGHTThe diffraction pattern observed with light and a small slit comes up in about every high school and first year university general physics class. The intention of this paper is to explain this pattern at the academic level mentioned above. Light is interesting and mysterious because it consists of both a beam of particles, and of waves in motion.WAVE PARTICLE DUALITYAll carriers of ene rgy and momentum, such as light and electrons, propagate like a wave and exchange energy like a particle.It wasnt until the 19th century that convincing evidence was found showing that light behaves like waves. Before reading on, you may wish to review some wave terminology.The key to understanding why light behaves like waves is in INTERFERENCE and DIFFRACTION.Interference and Diffraction are the phenomena that distinguish waves from particles waves interfere and diffract, particles do not.Light bends around obstacles like waves do, and it is this bending which causes the single slit diffraction pattern.Some assumptions must be made for this description of the single slit diffraction pattern * The slit size is small, relative to the wavelength of light. * The screen is far away. * Cylindrical waves can be represented in 2D diagrams as cicular waves. * The intensity at any point on the screen is independent of the angle made between the ray to the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen (this angle is called T below). This is possible because the slit is narrow. point1Consider a slit of width a, light of wavelength l, and a smaller than l.When the light encounters the slit, the pattern of the resulting wave can be calculated by treating each point in the aperature as a point source from which new waves spread out.pointbLet L represent the distance between the slit and the screen.Let T represent the angle between the wave ray to a point on the screenand the normal line between the slit and the screen.point2The top part of the figure to the left is an imitation of a single slit diffraction pattern which may be observed on the screen (there would really be more blending between the bright and dark bands, see a real diffraction pattern at the top of this page).Below the pattern is an intensity bar graph showing the intensity of the light in the diffraction pattern as a function of sin T.