Business Environment Loreal Paris Essay Example

Business Environment: Loreal Paris Paper The notable trademark of organization is Because Im Worth It. , which speaks to the substance of the LOrealal Paris brand all in all. History The historical backdrop of LOrealal alludes to a numerous years prior - ? in 1909 youthful scientific expert and normal business person Eugene Schuler configuration, created and sold one of the principal hair colors to beauticians in Paris. At the outset it was established as Commissar, Inc. Afterward, organization built up by Eggen Schuler become LOrealal, begun to develop quickly on account of its advancements and quality, enveloping all parts of excellence for everybody, each. ;ere. Area All item division central station and activity branch of LOrealal ASSAI, Inc. Are situated in New York City. The Strategic Committee comprises of 12 individuals, including six heads of item divisions and six heads of corporate capacities. In 2009 in the organization (ASSAI) was fixed around 9,000 workers. LOrealal LISA is completely claimed auxiliary of LOrealal. LOrealal USA, Inc. What's more, its items One ready to purchase LOrealal USA items in 1 30 nations. Everywhere throughout the world LOrealal has 64,600 representatives in 66 nations. Additionally, there are 5 advancement communities of LOrealal around the world (Shanghai ROI De Jeanine, Dublin, New York, Paris). We will compose a custom article test on Business Environment: Loreal Paris explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Business Environment: Loreal Paris explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Business Environment: Loreal Paris explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Organization is occupied with a wide-scope of in-house custom-made developer also. LOrealal USA has numerous such a popular brands as LOrealal Paris, Grainier, Giorgio Airman Paramus and Cosmetics, Lana;me, Amiability New York, Vichy, Diesel and numerous others. Piece of the pie The fundamental contenders of LOrealal in makeup advertise are Procter Gamble and Revolve. Spin just sells beauty care products, while just little piece of Procter Gamblers business is beautifying agents. Additionally LOrealal is a lot bigger than its rivals, for example, Avon and Esteem Lauder. It implies that LOrealal spends more cash on promoting which is critical to accomplishment in the beautifying agents industry. Therefore, LOrealal is end up being a pioneer in the beauty care products showcase. LOrealal involves 15. 8% of North and 10. 5% of South America beauty care products advertise. Monetary Environment Success of any business is relies upon its condition. The interest for LOrealal USA, Inc. Items relies upon financial pointers too. (Every money related figure dependent on a conversion standard ?1=$1. 42) Economic development Economic development is the yearly increment in a countrys Gross Domestic items (GAP). On the off chance that there is an elevated level Of monetary development in the nation the pay level of its populace would be generally high.

Free Essays on William Bradford Vs John Smith

Graham Anderson 2/07/02 William Bradford versus John Smith It doesn't take investigation to see that both John Smith’s article â€Å"A Description of New England,† and the passages from Of Plymouth Plantation, by William Bradford, are both a collogue of explained promotion enlarged facts. Clearly, one can't â€Å"kill in one day with his snare and line one, two, or 300 cods†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as John Smith expressed on page 21. Or on the other hand neglect the embellishment of William Bradford when he said about the Indians â€Å"the brutes gave them no little grace in invigorating them, however these savage savages, when they met them were readier to fill their sides with bolts than otherwise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One should in this perusing look to all sources and underneath the covering of sentiments to locate the genuine truth. Taking a gander at these compositions it must be mulled over that the two men were composing from alternate points of view, and for various reasons. William Bradford for example, had recently come aground to an obscure land during the stature of winter. In the wake of finishing a multi month journey with approximately 120 individuals on a boat that was just 90 feet in length and 23 feet wide, and loosing his significant other en route, an evil point of view is preferable a state over many would have in his circumstance. Later on notwithstanding, Bradford offers another expression saying that â€Å"others were practiced in angling, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took great store†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"besides water foul there was incredible store of wild turkeys, of which they took plenty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  page 20. It appears that Bradford offered his remarks too rapidly, and turned his judgment another way. John Smith wrote in his exposition on page 21, â€Å"Here nature and freedom bear the cost of us that which in England we need, or it costs us dearly.† In his paper Smith expounds thickly upon little realities to get his attempt to close the deal heard. Fortunately for him perusers in England at the time knew just what they got notification from d... Free Essays on William Bradford Vs John Smith Free Essays on William Bradford Vs John Smith Graham Anderson 2/07/02 William Bradford versus John Smith It doesn't take examination to see that both John Smith’s exposition â€Å"A Description of New England,† and the extracts from Of Plymouth Plantation, by William Bradford, are both a collogue of explained promotion widened realities. Clearly, one can't â€Å"kill in one day with his snare and line one, two, or 300 cods†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as John Smith expressed on page 21. Or on the other hand neglect the distortion of William Bradford when he said about the Indians â€Å"the brutes gave them no little grace in reviving them, however these savage savages, when they met them were readier to fill their sides with bolts than otherwise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One should in this perusing look to all sources and underneath the covering of feelings to locate the genuine truth. Taking a gander at these works it must be mulled over that the two men were composing from alternate points of view, and for various reasons. William Bradford for example, had quite recently come shorewards to an obscure land during the stature of winter. Subsequent to finishing a multi month journey with approximately 120 individuals on a boat that was just 90 feet in length and 23 feet wide, and loosing his significant other en route, an evil point of view is preferable a state over many would have in his circumstance. Later on notwithstanding, Bradford offers another expression saying that â€Å"others were practiced in angling, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took great store†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"besides water foul there was incredible store of wild turkeys, of which they took plenty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  page 20. It appears that Bradford offered his remarks too rapidly, and turned his judgment another way. John Smith wrote in his exposition on page 21, â€Å"Here nature and freedom bear the cost of us that which in England we need, or it costs us dearly.† In his paper Smith expounds thickly upon little facts to get his attempt to seal the deal heard. Fortunately for him perusers in England at the time knew just what they got notification from d...

Reischauer Scholars Program

Reischauer Scholars Program Dont you hate it when your computer freezes and you lose a huge entry including the secrets of how to live your life, get into MIT and have fantastic-looking hair all the time? Me too. I have a real entry on back order (in my head, since it got DELETED), but I just wanted to let you guys know about a program that I participated in back in high school. I studied Japanese for three years in high school, so my junior year, I applied and was selected for a scholarship program that studied Japanese culture, with an emphasis on international relations between Japan and the United States. The format is pretty cool you watch a video lecture, read a short article, answer a few questions, and then discuss the weeks topic in a virtual conference (youre literally talking to about 20 other scholars from around the United States, and your professor, over the internet. It really freaks your mom out when she comes home and sees her kid talking to a computer). If youre interested in Japan or international relations at all, you should definitely check it out. REISCHAUER SCHOLARS PROGRAM 2007 I am pleased to announce that the Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education (SPICE) invites all interested high school juniors and seniors to apply to the Reischauer Scholars Program (RSP). Named after the former U.S. ambassador to Japan, Edwin Reischauer, the RSP will select approximately 25 exceptional high school juniors and seniors from throughout the United States to engage in an intensive study of Japan. Selected students will participate in an Internet-mediated course on Japan from February to June 2007. Currently in its fourth year, this course provides students with a broad overview of Japanese history, literature, religion, art, politics, and economics, with a special focus on the U.S.-Japan relationship. Ambassadors, top scholars, and experts throughout the United States and Japan provide lectures via the Internet as well as engage students in online dialogue. These lectures and discussions are woven into an overall curriculum that will provide students with reading materials and assignments. Concurrent with the Internet-mediated course, students will develop individual research projects. Final research projects will be printed in journal format and students will be required to lead two presentations on Japan at their schools or in their communities. Students who successfully complete the course will earn Stanford Continuing Studies Program (CSP) credit and a Certificate of Completion from SPICE, Stanford University. Selected students will participate in 10 virtual classes via the Internet between February and June 2007. Students should expect to allot 2-6 hours per week to complete the lectures, discussions, readings, and assignments. Since this is a distance-learning course, however, students will be able to structure most of their work around their individual schedules. Although intensive, the RSP will equip participants with a rare degree of expertise about Japan that may have a significant impact on their choice of study and future career. Completed applications must be postmarked by October 27, 2006. For more information and to download the application, please visit www.reischauerscholars.org. Best regards, Naomi Funahashi Reischauer Scholars Program Coordinator, SPICE

Clinical And Normative Sample Populations - 1686 Words

Research has established emotion regulation difficulty experienced by individuals in both clinical and normative sample populations as a putative risk or maintaining factor in psychopathology (Berenbaum, Raghavan, Le, Vernon, Gomez, 2003; Greenberg, 2002; Kring Bachorowski, 1999; Mennin Farach, 2007). Different coping styles for emotion dysregulation have been observed in these populations (Aldao, Nolen-Hoeksema, Schweizer, 2010). Various studies have demonstrated that attempts to escape from or down-regulate negative affect place individuals at risk for alcohol and substance abuse, disordered eating, and clinical eating disorders, resulting in a challenged physical and psychological well-being (see Aldao et al., 2010). There is evidence that suggest that in response to the control of negative affect (for example, depression, anxiety, and stress); eating behaviours are associated with both increase and decrease in food consumption (Fairburn Harrison, 2003). In particular, depres sive symptoms, as it is experience in both clinical and non-clinical population has been linked to symptoms of bingeing (Mason Lewis, 2014), bingeing and purging, and restraint (Fairburn Harrison, 2003). Research has shown that depression is experienced by approximately 45% to 86% of individuals with an eating disorder (O’Brien Vincent, 2003). A maladaptive coping strategy of abnormal eating to manage affect, which may later develop into an eating disorder, can potentially haveShow MoreRelatedCultural Evaluation Of Eddi-31277 Words   |  6 Pages Based on empirical studies, EDI-3 has reasonable face validity for the population the instrument was designed for (11 to 53-year-old female population). However, Atlas (2007) and Kagee (2007) recommend further testing of construct validity and EDI-3 application to cross-cultural populations. Atlas found the empirical evidence was limited and disappointing, suggesting the screening components were more helpful than the scales. Technical evaluation Norms EDI-3 relies on the age and diagnosticRead MoreUses Of Rasch Calibration Parameters1187 Words   |  5 Pageseach form to determine start and stop points. Vertical scaling involves linking the total raw scores from different item sets (within subtests). Next, parallel form equating was completed using the equipercentile method and the entire grade norm sample. As a result, item order is not strictly based on level of difficulty. Instead, these subtests contain item sets with decision points to continue or discontinue testing. Item analyses were completed using IRT, specifically a Rasch analysis inRead MoreEvaluating The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF)1353 Words   |  6 PagesTechnical Properties The MMPI-2-RF normal sample is the same used to standardize the MMPI-2 minus the emphasis on gender; no new norms were collected for the MMPI-2-RF. The nongendered MMPI-2-RF normative sample is made up of 1,138 men and 1,138 women from the normative sample of the MMPI-2. Analysis of T scores based on gendered versus nongendered norms showed no advantages or disadvantages for either gender. The mean T scores for both men and women were at or about 50, with standard deviationRead MoreMultidimensional Anxiety Scale For Children 1st Edition772 Words   |  4 Pagesself-report and parent response forms) (March, 2013). B. Time: 15 minutes C. Equivalent (Alternate) Forms: MASC 2-SR and MASC 2-P II. Standardization A. Describe the norm group (Size, age, geographical area, diversity, etc.). The data collected from normative samples match the census data of U.S. and Canadian census in relation to race/ethnicity, education level, and geographic region (). The norm group for this scale are separated into three different age groups:8–11 years, 12–15 years, and 16–19 years (MarchRead MoreEvaluating and Criticizing the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)1079 Words   |  5 Pages to multiple student, adult, and patient samples. The results of this study revealed that the specific measures had extremely high discriminant validity compared to the general measures, supporting the validity of the tripartite model. As a result of its foundation in the tripartite model, the PANAS has been shown to be effective at differentiating between depression and anxiety in clinical samples, which explains why it is largely utilized in clinical settings (Dyck, Jolly, and Kramer, 1994 )Read MoreTechnical Evaluation Of Multi Health Systems1097 Words   |  5 Pagesand of those 2,560 were included in the normative sample. The researchers collected the data utilizing approximately 70 site coordinators and the individuals used included those with and without a formal clinical diagnosis. The data was collected over a two-year timeframe and both clinical and nonclinical samples were utilized. Almost an equal number of males and females were used in both the parent and teaching ratings standardization sample. Both sample were representative of the U.S. census racialRead MorePREVALENCE OF NON STRABISMIC VERGENCE DYSFUNCTIONS IN AN ORTHOPTIC CLNIC900 Words   |  4 Pagesin the population, either during a period of time or at a specific point in time1.Prevalence data provide valuable information to health care professionals, enabling them to allocate resources efficiently and to plan effective diagnostic approaches, treatment options, preventive measures and in conducti ng public awareness programmes. Proper epidemiological information based on scientific evidence can help in many areas such as decision-making in certain clinical initiatives. In a clinical trial toRead MoreAnalyzing Sheet And Mark Appropriate1770 Words   |  8 Pagessubscales were in elevated range were considered to be at risk for eating disorders (Garner, 2004). Reliability The authors determined test re-test reliability across two testing occasions with interval ranging from 1 to 7 days (Garner, 2004). The sample consisted of 34 female participants ranged in age from 15 to 55. The correlation coefficients for test re-test reliability were ranging from .93 and .98 which indicates a very strong reliability (2004). In a study, conducted by Bohrer, Forbush, Read MoreThe Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children Fifth Edition ( Wisc V )1673 Words   |  7 Pages The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fifth Edition (WISC-V) is an interactive performance based test that measures overall intellectual ability for children ages 6 through16. The test is primarily used by school psychologists, clinical psychologists, and neuropsychologists to determine a students giftedness, identify intellectual and learning disabilities, assess cognitive strengths and weaknesses, or to evaluate the impact of brain injuries. It is also used by practitioners to compareRead MoreSocial Anxiety And Social Depression1078 Words   |  5 PagesDepression Inventory. The reason why Barker et al. selected the PSWQ is because it has shown high internal reliability in clinical and normative populations and has demonstrated the ability to be able to distinguish between the constructs of worry, anxiety, and depression. The BDI was selected because it has shown the ability to assess symptoms of depression in normative samples. After the participants were selected they were seated to gender matched partners and briefed about the study. They then

Essay on Miss Havisham in Great Expectations - 2451 Words

In Great Expectations, Dickens depicts an eccentric character in Miss Havisham. The unmarried Miss Havisham seems to both conform to and deny the societal standards of unmarried women in the Victorian Age. Spinsters and old maids display particular attitudes and hold certain functions in the society. Miss Havishams character shows how one woman can both defy and strengthen these characteristics. She, along with several other female characters in the novel, supports the fact that unmarried women were growing in number. In addition, her extravagant appearance aligns her with the common misconceptions of a spinsters appearance as common and unattractive, as well as makes her outcast from society like many unmarried women were.†¦show more content†¦17). Miss Skiffins, Wemmicks friend, presents herself not only as a single woman but one who takes care of her own finances, which was uncommon in this day. And then there is Miss Havisham, who has risen to the status of o ld maid through the mere passage of time. All of these women provide examples from the text of single women, which supports the contention of the time that single women were growing in number. Although Biddy and Miss Skiffins do marry, it is important to note not only the length of their spinsterhood, but the circumstances under which it comes to an end. Biddy can only become Joes wife after Mrs. Joe dies. Wemmick waits until precisely the right time in his affairs to propose to Miss Skiffins so as not to disturb the natural order of his very structured life. While these single women offer a distinct presence in the novel, none plays a large role in society. Spinsters were often viewed as outcasts from society; there was no respect for a woman who could not marry. Miss Havisham definitely fits the mold of an outcast. After being abandoned at the altar, she decides to stop time in her home in an effort to block out the memory. She removes all natural light from her surroundings and becomes a recluse. She stops the clocks at twenty minutes to nine, the time of her abandonment. She monitors her visitors; only people she has requested or desires to see are admitted to Satis House. ForShow MoreRelated The Vengeful Miss Havisham - Great Expectations Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vengeful Miss Havisham - Great Expectations. In Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, Miss Havisham is a complex character whose past remains a mystery. We know about her broken engagement, an event that changes her life forever. Miss Havisham desperately wants revenge, and Estella, her adopted daughter, is the perfect tool to carry out her motives. With her plan of revenge in mind, Miss Havisham deliberately raises Estella to avoid emotional attachment and treat those who love herRead MoreMiss Havisham and Magwitch from Great Expectations Essay1035 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship between character and location in the case of Magwitch and the marshes; Miss Havisham and Satis House (chapters 1-19) Both the characters Miss Havisham and Magwitch are linked closely with their respective surroundings, as Dickens employs imagery and pathetic fallacy to illustrate this. Although many characters in Great Expectations reflect their environments, the relationship of Miss Havisham and Magwitch offer a particular contrast. The novel echoes many of Dickens’s own lifeRead MoreThe theme of isolation in Great Expectations through Miss Havisham.3108 Words   |  13 PagesQuestion: How does Dickens in his portrayal of Miss Havisham explore the theme of isolation? The oldest of eight children, Charles Dickens was born in Portsmouth in 1812. Dickens experienced a very traumatic childhood which included the ordeal of seeing two of his brother pass away. John Dickens, his father, worked as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office, due to his occupation, the Dickens family had to move a lot. Financial problems led to the imprisonment of John Dickens, who couldnt afford to lookRead MoreEssay about In Great Expectations, Is Miss Havisham crazy and/or evil?1327 Words   |  6 PagesIn Great Expectations, Is Miss Havisham crazy and/or evil? The mad,eccentric and incredibly peculiar Miss Havisham,a wealthy dowager who lives in an old, rotting mansion secluded from the outside world is certainly one of the most memorable creations in the book Great Expectations written by Charles Dickens. From the first introductory scene on encountering Miss Havisham’s character it is immediately clear that she is supposed to leave a lasting impression on the reader. Dickens usesRead MoreComparing the Characters of Magwitch and Miss Havisham in Great Expectations by Dickens917 Words   |  4 PagesComparing the Characters of Magwitch and Miss Havisham in Great Expectations by Dickens Miss Havisham is a bitter old woman. She wants to seek revenge on all men for the wrong that was done to her by one man. She lives in her clothes that she should have worn to her wedding and is surrounded by decaying things in a darkened room. Miss Havisham adopts a young girl Estella, whom she has planed to use her to seek revenge on all men. Miss Havisham is delighted in the way EstellaRead More Great Expectations - Miss Havisham and Abel Magwitch are Living through Others1084 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Expectations - Miss Havisham and Abel Magwitch are Living through Others In the work Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, two characters live their lives through someone else. Miss Havisham and Abel Magwitch are both elderly and though someone else are able to obtain their goals that they are not able to complete themselves. Abel Magwitch lives his life through the protagonist Pip while Miss Havisham lives her life through the character Estella. Miss Havisham is an aged, mysteriousRead MoreCreating Tension Through the Presentation of Magwitch and Miss Havisham in Great Expectations1182 Words   |  5 PagesHow does Dickens create tension through his presentation of Magwitch and Miss Havisham in Great Expectations? Introduction ============ Great Expectations is about a young boy, Pip, who lives in a deprived town with his sister (Mrs Joe) and her husband (Mr Joe). Pip meets a fugitive, Magwitch and after meeting with this runaway he fears from his life. Pip is then summoned to go and play at Miss Havisham’s house. He then falls in love with Estella who chooses to ignore Pip, which makesRead MoreThe Presentation of Miss Havisham in Chapter 8 and in Chapter 49 of Great Expectations by Charles Dickens814 Words   |  4 PagesThe Presentation of Miss Havisham in Chapter 8 and in Chapter 49 of Great Expectations by Charles Dickens In chapter 8 of Great Expectations, the author, Charles Dickens, initially presents Miss Havisham through Pips eyes as an eccentric old lady her hair was white, who lives in seclusion with her adopted daughter, Estella. She lives vicariously through Estella, all her inner thoughts and feelings are brought to life through Estella; therefore she is able to teach herRead MoreSymbolic References in Great Expectations by Charles Dickens1017 Words   |  5 PagesSatis House, the home of the wealthy dowager Miss Havisham, who is extremely eccentric: she wears an old wedding dress everywhere she goes and keeps all the clocks in her house stopped at the same time. During his visit, he meets a beautiful young girl named Estella, who treats him coldly and contemptuously. Nevertheless, he falls in love with her and dreams of becoming a wealthy gentleman so that he might be worthy of her. He even hopes that Miss Havisham intends to make him a gentleman and marryRead MoreGreat Expectations Prosperity Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesHow are wealth and prosperity presented in Great Expectations? Dickens’ bildungsroman: Great Expectations dictates the life of a fortunate young gentleman who goes by the name of Pip, formally known as Philip Pirrip. Pip was born with only one relative to his name: Mrs. Joe, as she is referred to in the book. The book, typical of a bildungsroman, follows the protagonist -Pip- along his journey; originating from a relatively poor background and progressing to a more prosperous and wealthy future.

The Evolving Role of Government in Education Free Essays

The Evolving Role of Government in Education Kawanna Rutledge Grand Canyon University EDU 310 October 30, 2010 The Evolving Role of Government in Education In the essay, I will be discussing the following: the evolving role of state and federal government in U. S. education, the church /state debate in public education as while as the laws and cases that had an impact on U. We will write a custom essay sample on The Evolving Role of Government in Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. education. The state and the federal government have different roles in U. S education. The state is responsible for the department of education, curriculum, and the funding. However, the state provides funding to public schools throughout each state to benefit the children education, staff members, administrators, and teachers etc. Basically, the state board is responsible for approving statewide educational policies and determine budget priorities (â€Å"Education in the U. S. †, 2010). In addition, the federal government also provides funding to the public schools as well. The government has many federal agencies and organization that helps benefit children educational needs in order for them to be successful. The NCLB alters the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education by requiring the states and schools to measure success in terms of student performance† (â€Å"Education in the U. S. †, 2010). However, the federal government also provides grants and scholarships to people who are attending a college or university to get a higher education. As a result, the NCLB also benefits children with disability, because they have the same rights and opportunities as other children with no disability to attend any public school, college or university in order to enhance their knowledge and become successful individual. The most famous case that had a major impact on U. S. education was the Brown v. Board of Education. This particular case was about segregation and discrimination against African American students attending an all white school. However, it was not right how the public school was discriminating against African American students, because they had the same rights and opportunity as the white students to attend any public school across the nation. The constitution says: â€Å"No state shall†¦ deny to any person†¦ the equal protection of the laws. (14 Amendment) meaning that all people across the nation have the same rights, and opportunity as others. In September 1950, Linda Brown, 7, was not allowed to register at an all-white school in Topeka Kansas. The Kansas school system-and others around the nation-thought that it was okay for black students and whites students to attend separate but equal schools. Linda’s father thought that practice was unfair and sued the scho ol system. His case and others like it went to the Supreme Court under Linda Brown name. The justices ruled 9-0 that segregating public schools meant that black students were not being treated equally. The court said they were therefore being deprived of their 14 Amendment rights (â€Å"3 Supreme Court Cases†, 2010, p. 4). As a result, Brown had won the case, and it opened up many opportunities for African American students which gave them the same equal rights as white students to attend any public school and further their education as well. The separation of church and state has been debating over religion practice in the public schools for many years. The First Amendment in the U. S. Constitution states in part that â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof† (Mc Carthy, 2009, p. 714). In the United States, the government had abandon religion practice in public schools, because the government feels that religion practice in public school is not appropriate for the students. Therefore, the government took action, and abandon religion practice from all public schools such as reading the bible, prayer, celebrating most holidays, praying at graduations ceremony, and school programs like the chores etc. Passe and Willox (2009) stated over time, a series of Supreme Court rulings applied the establishment clause to schools, there by prohibiting schools from celebrating particular religions, or even from promoting religions, over secular belief system. Most schools discontinued the practice of public prayer, holiday celebration with religion themes and taking matter to the extreme-teaching about religion altogether. (Passe amp; Willox, 2009, p. 103) The government had made a big mistake by removing religion practice from public schools, because the Bible as well as other textbooks teaches the children about, morals, values, respect and life etc. The government fails to realize that education started in churches and the Bible was used to help children and people learn how to read. In conclusion, the state and federal government need to provide more funding to the Department of Education, because there are too many schools closing down in society today due to the lack of funding. In addition, the church and state need to come to an agreement and bring religion back into the public schools to educate the children, because the Bible also teaches about the world as well as the future to come. Reference Embassy of the United States in Japan: Education in the U. S. Retrieved October 29, 2010, from http://www. aboutusa. japan. usembassy. gov/e/jusa-education. html Mc Carthy, M. (2009). Beyond the Wall of Separation: Church-State Concerns in Public Schools. (cover story). Phi Delta Kappan, 90(10) 714-719. Passe, J. amp; Willox, L. (2009). Teaching Religion in America’s Public Schools: A Necessary Disruption, Social Studies 100(3), 102-106. (2010). 3 Supreme Court Cases EVERY KID SHOULD KNOW. (cover story). Scholastic News- -Edition 5/6, 79(2), 4-5. How to cite The Evolving Role of Government in Education, Papers

Operations Management Redundancy process

Question: Discuss about the Operations Management Redundancy process. Answer: The redundancy process is defined as the process when the employers become obliged to follow some pre-defined procedures when the employees become redundant. As mentioned by Elmalech, Sarne, Grosz, (2015), redundancy mainly occurs, when a large number of employees lose their jobs, due to circumstances such as closure of the business. This report focuses on a company of Middle East named Al Tamimi Company, uses the redundancy practice. Inclusion on redundancy process In order to implement the redundancy process, the formal procedure has the following steps: An introductory statement is given in context of maintaining job security, if applicable in the case of redundancy process (Gatti et al. 2014). The consultation arrangement has to be done with the consent of the trade union representatives. Measures need to be taken to minimise the process of redundancy. A general guidance for the employees as well as the details of the severance criteria is mentioned. The policies on assisting the redundant employees are also included. These policies include pertaining additional training to the employees, along with searching for other job options (Urena et al. 2015). Use of EVM to evaluate appropriate levels of redundancy Using the EVM or other decision making tools, the chosen company Al Tamimi Company has to evaluate the appropriate levels of redundancy. First the problem is to be identified. The specific objectives are then set and the decision criteria for choosing the desired solution is specified. Comparison of the alternatives is done. Finally, the chosen alternative is implemented. Finally, the desired result is verified. This is how EVM is used by Al Tamimi Company to take decisions of redundancy. In order to deal with redundancy successfully, the company should aim to reduce redundancy among the employees and ensure that job security is given to the employees (Zaefarian et al. 2016). Moreover, alternate plans for the redundant employees needs to be planned as well. Thus, redundancy process does not only refer to the termination of the employees, but to provide a way of engaging them in other forms of employment. References Elmalech, A., Sarne, D., Grosz, B. J. (2015). Problem restructuring for better decision making in recurring decision situations.Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems,29(1), 1-39. Gatti, R., Angel-Urdinola, D. F., Silva, J., Bodor, A. (2014).Striving for better jobs: the challenge of informality in the middle east and North Africa. World Bank Publications. Urena, R., Chiclana, F., Fujita, H., Herrera-Viedma, E. (2015). Confidence-consistency driven group decision making approach with incomplete reciprocal intuitionistic preference relations.Knowledge-Based Systems,89, 86-96. Zaefarian, G., Forkmann, S., Mitr?ga, M., Henneberg, S. C. (2016). A Capability Perspective on Relationship Ending and Its Impact on Product Innovation Success and Firm Performance.Long Range Planning.

Yousif Saleh Essays (341 words) - Economy, Marketing,

Yousif Saleh Philyaw AP Lang 9/10/15 Oil Prices: What's Behind the Plunge? Simple Economies In this article, Clifford Krauss clarifies that gas prices are declining and that they are affecting the economy. I was fascinated by how much the gas prices decreased, it was $3.45 per gallon a year ago but now it is $2.65 per gallon. Even though a dollar may not seem as much, motorists save 630 million dollars a day. Many countries now are developing more energy-efficient vehicles so the demand for gas isn't as high as it used to be. I am in favor of energy-efficient vehicles because they preserve the earth but businesses are suffering from the price drop. I cannot bear the fact that people are suffering while others are benefitting. In the US motorists use this to their advantage and don't think about the consequences of such an event. It is a benefit for the consumers but a calamity for the producers. I think that it is unfair to have one side experience the low pay gas while the other side experiences downfall. People are losing their jobs because of their low budgets and I believe that this is inequitable. Many countries that produce oil have begun to the cease the production of oil because it takes a heavy toll on their economy. During this time it is not in a state of crisis but it is far from perfect and needs to rejuvenate itself back to how it was before. I want to do something about this crisis because sooner or later countries and even the lives of many people today will deteriorate. Russia is one of the main oil producing countries in the world and the US wants ruin Russia from the inside by making oil cost less. Political conflict plays a big role in the oil crisis. To me this is utter nonsense to why countries will let grudges take over instead of caring for the global economy. If countries could ge t along I am positive this issue can be solved.

Role of Reason in politics essays

Role of Reason in politics essays Conservatives and Liberals take two very different attitudes to the role of reason in politics. Discuss the differences and establish which attitude is most reasonable? In this essay there is need to look at what the term Reason means and its role in politics in view of the attitudes of the conservatives and the liberals. This could be seen as the analysing and combining of ideas to form knowledge. Reason is a means of acquiring knowledge of the objective world (cognition) For Marxists, Reason, or rationality, is the objective form of processes of social action. Reason is often contrasted with Experience (as in the dispute between Rationalism and Empiricism) and with Intellect, which in this context refers to the aspect of cognition in which concepts remain stable and provide the basis for interpretation of experience. Reason is man's tool of understanding. It is the method of identifying entities through one's senses. It is the means of integrating those perceptions into concepts, gaining knowledge through this integration, integrating that knowledge into the rest of one's knowledge, and evaluating and manipulating ideas and facts. In Marxs Theses on Feuerbach: The chief defect of all hitherto existing materialism (that of Feuerbach included) is that the thing, reality, sensuousness, is conceived only in the form of the object or of contemplation, but not as sensuous human activity, practice, not subjectively. Hence, in contradistinction to materialism, the active side was developed abstractly by idealism - which, of course, does not know real, sensuous activity as such. In this theses Marx criticised the materialists for under-rating the role of Reason, and in this sense supports the Rationalists against the Empiricists; but, he says, the idealists (i.e. Hegel), who have understood the significance of Reason (the active side), do not know real, sensuous activity as such, and it is this which is...

Impact of the new English as a Second Language Curricula Research Proposal

Impact of the new English as a Second Language Curricula - Research Proposal Example The school district has recently implemented new English as a Second Language curricula in its elementary, middle, and high schools. Implementation has been quite expensive, involving the purchase of instructional materials and computer software, teacher and staff training, and the use of consultants to guide implementation. The district would like to study the effectiveness of the new curricula, looking at issues such as the impact on student English. language proficiency, student academic progress overall, student, family, and teacher satisfaction with the curricula, and implementation issues. This investigation will attempt to answer the following research questions: 1. Is there student satisfaction with the new ESL curricula in Eastside District high schools? 2. Is there family satisfaction with the new ESL curricula in Eastside District high schools? 3. Is there teacher satisfaction with the new ESL curricula in Eastside District high schools? 4. Is there overall satisfaction wi th the new ESL curricula in Eastside District high schools? 5. Which aspect/s of the new ESL curricula provide the most satisfaction? 6. Which aspect/s of the new ESL curricula provide the least satisfaction? In order to answer these research questions, this study will test the following research hypotheses: 1. It is hypothesized that students are satisfied with the new ESL curricula. 2. It is hypothesized that families are satisfied with the new ESL curricula. 3. It is hypothesized that teachers are satisfied with the new ESL curricula. 4. It is hypothesized that a number of aspects of the new ESL curricula need to be focused on and improved. II. Research Design This research study will use a descriptive survey approach in order to determine the level of satisfaction of teachers, students, and families utilizing the new ESL curricula. A descriptive research design usually answers the question â€Å"what is† and is, therefore, appropriate research design for the investigation at hand since the investigation is interested in finding out what the level of satisfaction is among stakeholders of the new ESL curricula (Creswell, 2003). III. Setting and Sample The research study will be conducted at six randomly selected Eastside District High Schools, High School A, High School B, High School C, High School D, High School E, and high School F. These high schools will be chosen using stratified random sampling. First, a list of all High Schools from the Eastside District will be acquired.  

Revisit my anwser to the question in week one What is Wisdom Essay

Revisit my anwser to the question in week one What is Wisdom - Essay Example My initial conception of this view mainly derived through the book, The Last Days of Socrates by Hugh Tredennick and Harold Tarrant, has been reinforced by further readings of authors like William Thomas, Aldous Huxley, Joseph Piper, Victor Frank. Before reading Socrates, I was focused on the materialistic concepts of wisdom, believing that wisdom, within context of modern life, refers to the success a person achieves materialistically. But after mulling over the philosophical musings of these renowned authors, I became aware that one’s spirituality definitely plays a key role in evolving his individuality by which he strives for the pursuit of wisdom, and there by acquires happiness. Thus my distorted perception of human wisdom and welfare transformed drastically through the treasure trove of knowledge I could acquire from the profound works of these great men. They promulgated the concept that living the life of a values, guided by spiritually and motivated by true virtues, for the common good of humanity is one philosophy that can salvage the man’s soul rather than hours together spent in religious rituals or millions of sermons chanted to appease gods. It now transpires to me that wisdom is the essential thread that holds together the astute concepts of spirituality, philosophy, ultimate happiness and there by supreme attainment of the soul. This, I understand, is the true meaning or purpose of life. The impact of this has enabled me to think positively and see life in a new perspective and meaning as the realization dawns on me that overall what the present world lacks is the essential insight into the need of spirituality due to which its focus const antly shifts to the wrong direction of materialism. And, unfortunately humans fail to realize where this ignorance, that entails from the lack of wisdom, is going to take them. The works of authors like Socrates, Thoreau, Huxley, Piper and Frankl read and

Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) Analysis

Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) Analysis Piriharan Karthigesan Question Describe the various versions of RAID, and which type you would use to obtain the maximum redundancy and security, without sacrificing speed of access to data. What is a RAID? Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks. In single word RAIDS can be known as a disk which provides datas storage in many different disks. RAID 0 In RAID 0 the data is divided into blocks that are written to all disks in the array. Using multiple disks at the same time the RAID 0 offers superior I/O performance and this kind of performance can be improved by using multiple controllers most probably a disk controller. Advantages of RAID 0 RAID 0 has a very great performance in both writing and reading data. Easy implementation of the technology No disk overhead and most importantly all the storage space will be used Cost wise it is very effective Disadvantage of RAID 0 If a drive fails, the chance of losing the data is high Fault tolerance RAID level 1 In RAID 1 the data is always stored twice to write in the data drive and a mirror drive. And in case if a drive or disk fails the controller uses the data drive or the mirror drive for data recovery and continues the operation. For RAID 1, we at least need two drives. Advantages of RAID 1 Data are being stored in both drive where the loss of data is very low Good transfer rate If a drive fails, there a lot of chance to get the data back to a replacement drive and it is a simple technology Disadvantages of RAID 1 Inefficient or unproductive Expensive Hardware implementation is highly needed for RAID 1 Data gets written twice in this RAID RAID level 2 Raid level 2 is used as bit level striping and this RAID is similar to RAID 5. This raids performance is poor and this raid needs at least 10 drives to setup. Advantages Data error correction The design of this RAID is simple and easy Data transfer is good Disadvantages Expensive RAID level 3 This is also like RAID 5 but this drive requires a reader dedicated to parity and RAID 3 is very rarely used except based on more specialized or processing environments that can benefit from the data. Advantages High read and write transaction rate Disadvantages Not a very good design RAID level 4 Unlike other RAIDS the disk striping happens in a different way where it takes the byte level rather than bit level. Minimum of 3 disks required for implementation Advantages High rate of read transaction Aggregation of the Read transfer is rate is very high Efficiency is high Disadvantages Design is complex Not a good write transaction If a disk fails, its hard to rebuild the lost data RAID level 5 RAID 5 is the most secured RAID and it requires 3 drives but can also work with 16 and the data blocks are striped on the drive and are all parity checksum and data is being written on it. Although the parity data is not written to a fixed drive, but then it is distributed all over the drives and by using parity data the computer can recalculate data from some other blocks if the data is no longer available. So, in other words this can be also be said that the RAID 5 can be supported a single disk failure without losing any data. Moreover, cache memories are being implemented on to these drives to make their writing speed improve. Advantages of RAID 5 Data transaction for read is very good. For example it reads the data so quickly Aggregation of data is good Disadvantages of RAID 5 The design of this RAID is complicated If a disk or drive fails, its hard to retain the data Transfer rate of the data is the same as single disk which is one of the main disadvantage RAID level 6 This is RAID 6 is somewhat like RAID 5. In this drive the parity data are being written on both the drives. RAID 6 requires 4 drivers and can handle 2 drives losing. And thee is a very less chance of losing 2 drives at the same time. RAID 6 can survive even if it fails twice unlike like RAID 5 it doesnt take a lot of time to rebuild the lost data Advantages of RAID 6 This is like RAID 5 where it reads and writes the data very quickly Even if two drives fail, there is a possibility of getting the failed drives data by replacing it with the new drive Disadvantages of RAID 6 Writing data are slower compared to RAID 5 This drive is a bit complicated where rebuilding a drive can take time. Transaction of the data are slow because of the parity which does the calculation RAID level 10 This RAID is identified as the nested RAID or even hybrid. The security is provided by mirroring all data from the secondary drives and by using striping across each of the drives to make the data transfer to high speed. And in this level, it requires at least four disk and the data will be striped and mirrored in pairs. Advantages of RAID 10 This RAID is implemented as striped arrays Fault tolerance RAID 10 has I/O rates. Disadvantages of RAID 10 Expensive Limited scalability Selecting RAID 10 as security and redundancy where to help avoid the sacrifice of the data I would personally use RAID 10 to obtain the maximum redundancy and security among the other RAID levels. This RAID level also gives the best performance with considerable speed of access to data. It is more redundant than other RAID levels because it stripes data across mirrored pairs. It is also the most secure RAID array because even if one of the disks fail the data can be recovered in no time due to its rebuild speed. REFERENCES Disadvantages Of Redundant Array Of Independent Disks. (n.d.). Retrieved January 22, 2017, from http://www.whatisnetworking.net/tag/disadvantages-of-redundant-array-of-independent-disks/ Lynn, S. (2014, March 27). RAID Levels Explained. Retrieved January 22, 2017, from http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2370235,00.asp RAID. (n.d.). Retrieved January 22, 2017, from https://www.prepressure.com/library/technology/raid RAID Levels RAID 3 RAID LEVEL 3: Parallel Transfer With Parity. (n.d.). Retrieved January 22, 2017, from http://www.acnc.com/raidedu/3 Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks RAID 0-1-2-3 (Continued). (n.d.). Retrieved January 22, 2017, from http://www.datarecovery.net/articles/raid-levels-0-1-2-3.aspx

Cyberspace and Internet Censorship Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive E

Cyberspace and Internet Censorship "Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace [the Internet], the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather" (Barlow 18). The Internet is a vast network of computers, both public and private, which spans the globe. Recently, there has been a movement by governments worldwide, and the United States government in particular, to remove content deemed inappropriate from the Internet. However, numerous factors such as: the abundance of less restrictive alternatives, the impossibility of applying American law and community standards to an international communications medium, the active choice required to access the Internet's resources, the violation of our constitutional rights which it entails, and the fact that it is the parent's and not the government's responsibility to protect children contradict this rash and poorly thought out idea. While censorship is intolerable in all its forms, it is especially odious, inappropriate, and unworkable when applied to the Internet, an international medium of free speech, information, and communication. The Internet began as a link between major universities and government computer centers to facilitate the sharing of information and allow certain universities to utilize the few existing supercomputing centers. With the advent and popularization of the personal computer and the increased use and development of modems, the size and capabilities of the Internet have exploded. The nature of the Internet is such that it is very difficult, if not impossible, to determine its size at a given mo... ...because they may inadvertently happen upon objectionable material. The resources of the Internet deserve the same treatment. Censorship is unnecessary and inappropriate with regards to the Internet. Numerous less-restrictive means of protecting the public, the global nature of the Internet, the active choice required to access the resources of the Internet, the fact that Internet censorship violates the First amendment, and the parental and personal nature of regulating the Internet all contradict the idea of Internet censorship. The Internet has the potential to revolutionize our society and bring us full into the information age. The information superhighway is not centuries or decades away, but just around the corner. Let us attempt to aid the growth of this technology and its respective culture in any way possible, and thus propel ourselves into the future.

Miscommunication: Phonology and Message

Sometimes it is not easy to transmit the intended meaning to a person during a communication process. Miscommunication is a phenomenon that people experience almost every day. It is even used for marketing or present in comedy shows. Miscommunication can arise through various incidences, for example in an intercultural communication, where people have different conventions, or when a word is ambiguous and the context unclear. Sometimes people also do not listen because they think the aspect is not relevant to them.One of the most frequent types of miscommunication are those based on slips of the tongue or slips of the ear. When people do not understand words, sentences or whole passages, the brain tries to fill the gap with known structures. Consequently, misunderstandings arise. In the following we want to concentrate on miscommunication that emerges through the transmission of the message in the auditory channel. There are various aspects that can lead to miscommunication through m istakes in the transmission of a message.These aspects, like the difference of hearing and listening, the exchange of letters or problems with the intonation etc. , are going to be dealt with in this paper. First of all we are going to present how a message is transmitted in communication and which phonological aspects play a role. Then miscommunication is going to be treated. We want to show how miscommunication can arise and afterwards analyse some misunderstandings and show how they could have come up. 2. Phonetics and phonology – the transmission of a message Communication always takes place between two or more people who are trying to get a message across.During this communication process, different aspects are important. As we talk about oral communication, which is about the transmission of sounds, phonetics and phonology play a role. They are a main aspect in the transmission of a message. Phonology means †die Entstehung, Ubertragung und Wahrnehmung, also die ma terielle Seite der Sprachlauteâ€Å" (Grasegger 2004: 7) whereas phonetics â€Å"untersucht die Funktion und die Eigenschaft von Sprachlauten als Elemente eines Sprachsystems, also die funktionelle Seite† (Grasegger 2004: 7).In the following we want to concentrate on the transmission of the sounds or the message. We want to have a look at the phonological aspects and prosodic aspects that play a role in the transmission process. But first of all, we are going to present Shannon and Weavers communication model. 2. 1. A communication model The process of communication can be presented as a model. One, the prototypical model, was developed by Shannon and Weaver in 1949. They reduce communication simply to the process of transmitting information (Chandler o.A. : 1). This model consists of five elements, an information source producing a message, a transmitter encoding the message into signals, a channel, a receiver decoding the message and a destination where the message arrives (Chandler o. A. : 2). Thus, a sender and a receiver always exist in a communication process. The sender is the information source who intends to transmit the message by his mouth (transmitter) through a channel. Here the message is transmitted through sound waves and maybe also body language.The ear receives the sound waves (receiver) and the listener decodes the message by interpreting verbal and non-verbal information and constructing a reality of what the meaning could be (www. worldtrans. org : 1). As sender and receiver do not share the same feelings, experiences, perceptions and ideas, the message can be interpreted differently by the receiver (ebd. ). Consequently, miscommunication can arise. Regarding the Shannon and Weaver model, some possibilities where miscommunication might emerge are in the channel, where noise is a dysfunctional factor (Chandler o. A. 2), on the listener’s side or during the process of encoding a message on the speaker’s side. However, t here are other aspects that have to be considered in communication. We also need to know how the speaker succeeds in producing a sound and how the listener reconstructs the message. At this point phones and suprasegmental features play a role. When the speaker wants to encode a message, he takes a phoneme as a basis and produces a phone that is transmitted through the channel. According to Grasegger 2004 the speaker disposes of a creative function, a sending and listening function in his brain.The sending function in the brain thinks of a message that reaches the speech-organs through nerves. There the sound is produced by tongue, breath, palate etc. (Grasegger 2004: 17-31). The sound passes the channel through sound waves and reaches the ear of the listener. The task of the listener is now to reconstruct the message, which means recognizing the individual words, extracting their syntactic relationships, determining the semantic structure of the utterance and its relation to the dis course context as well as recognizing emotions (Cuttler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997: 142).However, few cues are available to signal where one word ends and the next one begins. To understand the message, the listener has to find the individual word boundaries (Cuttler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997: 143). The brain decodes and reconstructs the message. The sounds, the â€Å"Signifikat† (Grasegger 2004: 11), stand for a special concept, the significant (Grasegger 2004: 11). In the following we are going to concentrate on this phonological and prosodic part the of communication process. 2. 2. Phonological elements of communicationAs already mentioned, phonological elements are important in the transmission of a message since phonemes are a unit of linguistic and perceptual processing (Clark/Yallop 1996: 318). During a communication process, the speaker produces sounds. These sounds are not transmitted individually but in bigger units. The smallest and primary unit of production and perception i s the syllable. It can be described as â€Å"symbiosis of consonant and vowel which acts as the effective vehicle for the transmission of linguistic information† (Clark/Yallop 1996: 318).Phonemes never have a meaning themselves. Their primary function is their distinctive function, the differentiation of meanings of speech units like words. If a sound has a distinctive function can be proved by replacing it by another sound. That means that a sound has a distinctive function when you take the example ‘Kanne’ and replace the [k] by a [t] so that the meaning changes (Grasegger 2004: 81). The articulation is not important when it does not have a distinctive function. Such words that differ only in one phoneme are called minimal pairs.By changing this phoneme, the word gets a different meaning (Grasegger 2004: 83). Thus, miscommunication can easily arise at this point since if the listener does not hear a part of a word or sentence, his brain replaces this gap (Clark /Yallop 1996: 318). Another aspect that is important during the transmission of sounds is that two words with two different meanings can sound similar and have to be understood in the context (Bu? mann 2002: 284). Thus, the role of sound in communication is the transmission of a meaning. However, a single sound does not convey a meaning, but a combination of sounds.The sounds (signifikat) stand for a meaning or concept (significant) that the listener has to decode. But if some sounds are replaced during processing in the brain and these sounds form a minimal pair the meaning can be changed. Later on we want to deal with some examples how miscommunication can arise because some sounds are replaces or their position in a word is changed. 2. 3. Prosodic elements of communication As we have seen, not only phones, the smallest segments of sounds, are important for the transmission or reconstruction of a message, but also uprasegmental features, phonetic expressions that include more than one segment. These are pitch, volume and duration which are linked to bigger units like syllables, words, phrases and sentences (Grasegger 2004: 63). However, prosody is normally used as a synonym for suprasegmental features such as pitch, tempo, loudness and pause (Cuttler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997: 143), although Grasegger defines prosody as the linguistic function of suprasegmental features which is to differentiate meaning on the level of words, phrases or sentences, or to structure an utterance rhythmically (Grasegger 2004: 63).So it is rhythm and intonation what helps differentiating meaning (Clark/Yallop 1996: 322). According to Cuttler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997, â€Å"the prosodic structure of an utterance exercises effects on the timing, amplitude and frequency spectrum of the utterance and these are dimensions of sound itself; any utterance, indeed any part of an utterance corresponding to any linguistic component to a phonetic segment even must have a certain duration, a certain amplitude and a certain fundamental frequency† (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997: 142).Consequently, if a speaker intends to emphasize a segment, frequency, pitch, intensity and duration, or one of these parameters, have to differ from the accentuation of other segments so that the listener is able to understand the difference in meaning or rhythm, since languages like English are â€Å"perceived in the durational interplay of prominent (or ‘stressed’) syllables and weaker or less prominent ones† (Clark/Yallop 1996: 323). However, few cues are available to signal where one word ends and the next begins. Elements that structure sentences etc. hythmically and determine their meaning are for example quality and accentuation. The speaker could change the meaning of an element by changing the duration, called quantity. That means, that for instance long vocals convey a different meaning than short vocals (Staat; Stadt) (Grasegger 2004: 72). The accentuation helps def ining word boundaries. An accent is the stress or emphasize of a syllable, a word or a sentence to emphasize it (Grasegger 2004: 73). Stressed syllables normally have a higher frequency, a higher volume and a longer duration than non-stressed syllables (ebd. . Its function is to structure an utterance so that the listener has the possibility to differentiate meaning by distinguishing different positions of stress like ancora and ankora in the Italian language (vgl. Grasegger 2004: 74). A â€Å"Satzakzent† (Grasegger 2004: 75) emphasizes words in a sentence and thus has a contrasting function. In the sentence ‘Peter searches a book’ , for example, the speaker can emphasize different units such as the book, Peter, or searches to make clear who he is talking about, what Peter does or what he is searching for.This kind of stress in a sentence is related to intonation. Intonation is another prosodic element that can be defined as â€Å"Verlauf der Sprechmelodie inner halb einer lautsprachlichen Au? erung† (Grasegger 2004: 76). It is the „Form der Tonhohenbewegungen im Verhaltnis zur mittleren Sprechstimmlage eines Sprechersâ€Å" (ebd. ). During a unit of intonation, the pitch rises or falls. The boundaries of a unit are defined by different phonetic elements like the distension of a syllable at the end of a unit or a linguistic pause, an interruption that has a structuring function (Grasegger 2004: 76).Thus, the characteristic of intonation is structuring an utterance as well as its distinctive function since the difference in pitch conveys meaning. A rising intonation at the end of a sentence normally is a question whereas falling intonation a statement. A demand or an order is expressed by â€Å"steil abfallender Intonation† (Grasegger 2004: 77). So the content and meaning of a sentence depends on the position of the accent and the rise or fall of pitch. Moreover, syntax and prosody are closely related so that the supraseg mental features may be influenced by the position in the syntactic structure.So we have, for instance, longer pauses before major syntactic boundaries (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997: 162). Furthermore, intonation (pitch, volume etc. ) show the emotional condition of the speaker and thus have an expressive function. A question, for example, can also indicate doubts or surprise of a speaker. (Grasegger 2004: 77). So prosodic elements that are important for the differentiation of meaning or structure the sentence through a certain rhythm so that they influence the accentuation of a message and the understanding of the listener are pitch, volume, duration and pauses.They help identifying words (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997: 148). Prosodic problems can lead to serious reductions of the understanding, what is going to be treated later on. 3. Miscommunication – Problems in the auditory channel After looking at the communication process and the transmission of a message through the audi tory channel, we now want to have a look at the emergence of miscommunication. In the following we are going to treat some aspects that can influence the transmission of sounds in a negative way so that the message is not transmitted correctly.Miscommunication can be caused either by the speaker or by the listener. That means by slips of the tongue or slips of the ear, because the receiver did not listen or on account of channel problems. However, we first want to deal with the difference of hearing and listening. 3. 1. Hearing and Listening One aspect through which miscommunication can arise is the difference between listening and hearing. People hear or perceive sounds the sender is trying to transmit. However, we have to listen and reflect to understand the message.Hearing can be defined as attending to the sounds which come to the receiver at certain frequencies and intensities. Thus, the receiver cannot influence hearing but avoid listening since this is a higher cognitive proc ess under the receiver’s control (Truax 2000: 20). There are three levels of listening attention. One of them is ‘listening in search’ which is listening at its most active. It involves a conscious search of the environment for cues. Detail is of the greatest importance for this kind of listening.The listener needs the ability to focus on one sound to the exclusion. That means that in a noisy environment, the listener has to focus on the sound the speaker is producing and not on the background noises. The second level is ‘listening in readiness’. This depends on associations being built up over time so that the sounds are familiar to the listener. Consequently, they can be identified even by background processing in the brain. So, for example a mother does not wake up when trains are passing by but when she hears her baby crying.The last form of listening attention is ‘background listening’. That means that people are aware of sounds tha t are not important for getting the message so that they do not listen. One reason for this is that they are usual occurrences and therefore expected and predictable so that people do not listen to them actively (Truax 2000: 19-22). The more of these sounds are perceived, the more miscommunication is possible since an increase in the noise level means more psychological tress, greater fatigue and consequently an increase in performance errors on account of the extra load of information processing when the brain has to shut out noise (Truax 2000: 19). Thus, miscommunication can arise involuntarily when people do not distinguish between hearing and listening or lack the skill of listening in readiness, for example. If somebody lacks that skill, he cannot distinguish between important or less important sounds so that an overload of sounds is possible. So people maybe do not hear a letter, a word or a sentence. Slips of the ear can also happen when you lack concentration.However, it is also possible to tune somebody out because you do not like the person or since you are bored or tired (Myres/Myres 1992: 139). Another problem that can arise in communication is that immediately after people have listened to a person talking, they tend to remember only about half of what they heard, no matter how hard they thought they were listening (Myres/Myres 1992: 138). Furthermore, the association one has to a sound can differ. That means that the listener does not associate the same meaning to a sound as the speaker does.So a reason for the loss of information or the understanding of wrong information are for instance highly redundant and basically uninteresting sounds that are perceived and do not encourage sensitive listening since they seem irrelevant for the listener. This can described as a listener- based and interactional- related problem. Consequently, problems can arise when the listener concentrates on background noises, when he thinks sounds are redundant or when h e lacks concentration or listening skills. There are also problems on the phonological and prosodic level that lead to miscommunication with which we want to deal later.The problems or types of miscommunication mentioned above are listener based, the last one is based on an interactional and a listener problem. However, miscommunication can also emerge through problems in the channel, during the interaction or on the sender’s side at which we want to have a look now. 3. 2. Channel- based and interactional- related miscommunication The main channel- based problem that influences the communication process negatively is noise. If there is too much noise in the background, the listener often perceives only bits of what the sender is talking about.Consequently, the brain tries to restore the missing segments by top-down contextual prediction (Clark/Yallop 1996: 318). What kind of misunderstanding arises, that means if it is based on prosodic or phonological aspects, depends on the missing segments. Another problem that may arise, is the overlap of turns meaning that for example two people are talking at the same time caused by problems in turn taking. Thus, the speaker A cannot concentrate on the sounds the other speaker (speaker B) is producing and does not understand passages of his speech. This can be categorized as channel and interactional-related miscommunication.To avoid misunderstandings or miscommunication it is necessary that sender and receiver establish a common ground. The speaker wants to know if he has succeeded in transmitting the message and waits for evidence that the listener has to give by asking a question or using continuing contributions like ‘yes’, ‘uhuh’ or ‘I see’. If miscommunication arises at this point, it can be categorized as an interactional problem. 3. 3. Sender and receiver related miscommunication Miscommunication is always a problem that arises either on the speaker’s side or o n the listener’s side.If there are channel problems, the misunderstanding comes up at the listener’s side. However, the sender’s pronunciation can also be a reason for miscommunication, for example when he stutters, does not pronounce the word correctly or clearly and does not stress correctly etc. Regarding these kind of problems, we distinguish between two categories of problems, prosodic and phonological ones. 3. 3. 1 Prosodic problems Prosodic problems are â€Å"Abweichungen in der Realisierung segmentubergreifender bzw. suprasegmentaler Eigenschaften lautsprachlicher Au? erungenâ€Å" (Grasegger 2004: 78).That includes problems or dysfunctions of pitch, volume and intonation that influence the intonation of a sentence and consequently its meaning. Prosodic problems influence the perception negatively and lead to incomprehensibility. Problems that can lead to misunderstandings are stuttering and variations in pitch and accentuation (Grasegger 2004: 78-79). Miscommunication can arise when people do not detect the right word boundary. For example, when a word is spread over a strong and a following weak syllable, listeners tend to divide the former syllable at the onset of the second strong syllable.Englishmen often tend to insert boundaries before strong syllables or leave boundaries between weak syllables out (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997:146). The reason why such miscommunication emerges is that strong syllables often signal the onset of lexical words (ebd. ). But the â€Å"strong weak distinction is primarily based on a segmental property, vowel quality, rather than on a stress distinction (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997: 148). However, not every language makes the same distinctions between strong and weak syllables (ebd. ). Whereas the rhythm of English sentences in stress-timed, French sentences are syllable-timed.As the segmentation procedures are part of the â€Å"processing repertoire† (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997: 148) of the listener, an Englishman and a Frenchman talking can produce miscommunication by applying their strategies to detect word boundaries (vgl. Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997: 148). Furthermore, miscommunication can arise when a listener does not perceive the stress of some words, it is possible that he does not interpret the meaning correctly, for example in the vocal quality distinction (Cutler/Dahan/Donselaar 1997: 155).If the receiver does not get the sentence accents or the intonation, he probably does not know if it was a question or an order or, taking the sentence ’Er ist nicht einmal gekommen’ (vgl Grasegger 2004: 78), if he did not come or if he came several times. A misunderstanding can also come up when the speaker does not stress correctly. Usually, the listener who does not get the right words does not ask but adds the rest of the sentence so that a misunderstanding can arise. 3. 3. 2 Phonological problems Phonological problems are phonetic deviations on the word level.That does not include the pronunciations, the phonetics, but the wrong choice and order of elements a word, for example. We distinguish between paradigmatic problems and syntagmatic problems. Paradigmatic problems include the choice of the wrong elements, syntagmatic ones the wrong sequence or order of elements. The latter could be that people understand ‘papel’ instead of ‘apple’. An example for a paradigmatic problem understanding the word ‘Jacoc’ instead of ‘Jacob’ (Grasegger 2004: 123). Additionally, there are four different types of phonological problems: elision, addition, metathesis, substitution.Elision means that the speaker leaves out segments of a word or a whole syllable. In general one omits syllables that are not stressed. An example for an elision is saying and/or understanding nana instead of banana. Normally consonants are left out, in general the last consonant of a word like street which becomes stree. Addition means that the speaker or listener adds a consonant or a vocal so that apple becomes papple, zebra zebera or Tablett Tablette (Fromkin 1980: 35-36). It is also possible that you have an elision and an addition in a word or that you double a syllable.A metathesis is a problem in sequencing so that the speaker exchanges syllables or puts them the other way round. So Blatt is Balt or ‘fork’ ‘frok’. The last type of phonological problems, the substitution, means that the speaker has the same number of syllables but replaces one syllable by a different one. It is often replaced by another syllable that sounds similar like ‘Jacoc’ and ‘Jacob’. It is also possible to leave something out and replace a syllable or a letter (Grasegger 2004: 123-127; Fromkin 1980: 47).The first segments in a word and the first syllables are more likely to be affected by speech errors since they are more focused on during speech production (Fromkin 1 980: 48). According to Clark/ Yallop 1996, errors on the level of a syllable are detected far more readily than segment errors (Clark/Yallop 1996: 319). When the listener does not perceive one syllable, the brain tries to replace the missing syllable by a segment that could fit (vgl. Clark/Yallop 1996: 318). However, these processing in the brain might fail, especially when the words sound similar.Another aspect that can lead to miscommunication are these homophones. They are a type of lexical ambiguity, â€Å"homonyme Ausdrucke verfugen uber identische Aussprache bei unterschiedlicher Orthographie und Bedeutung† (Bu? mann 2002: 284) like ‚their’ and ‚they’re’. Consequently, misunderstandings can easily come up when for example the context is unclear and the word the speaker used sound similar but has a different meaning. This kind of miscommunication can also be categorized as message-related miscommunication.These problems can be listener-ba sed so that not the speaker changes elements of a word but the listener understands the wrong elements, for example because there were also channel problems or he did not listen or sender-based because of slips of the tongue, for example. 4. Analysis of miscommunication In the following chapter we are going to analyse some misunderstandings according to the features we have listed above. For the collection of data I used the diary method and searched in the internet. One example is taken from the internet, another one is a situation I experienced during the last weeks.The last example was originally broadcast on television some years ago that I remembered and wrote down. By analysing the examples of miscommunication, we want to come up with some possibilities how the misunderstanding could have emerged. 4. 1. A phonological problem The first misunderstanding is a situation I experienced some weeks ago. It took place on the dance floor during a training unit so that there was much ba ckground noise (people talking and music). The sender arrives and tells that he never wants to do it again with Korten, which is the last name of an absent person.M: Das mache ich nie wieder mit dem Korten! A: Was machst du nicht mehr mit dem Korken? This misunderstanding can be categorized as a phonetical miscommunication. The words Korten and Korken, that means [t] and [k], are a minimal pair since they have a distinctive function and change the meaning of the word. The misunderstanding is based on a paradigmatic problem, the choice of the wrong element, sound, in the word. The listener substituted the letter [t] by the letter[k]. One possibility how the misunderstanding could have arisen is in the channel.On account of music and loud voices in the background, the receiver had to listen in search but could not understand the whole sentence because of the extra load of processing in the brain or a lack of concentration. Probably she only got the first passage of the word and the la st syllable was added through brain processing as Korten and Korken only differ in one sound. Furthermore, the context was missing. M arrived and started the sentence with the word â€Å"das† which normally refers to something that had been said before. In this example a reference was missing because this word was used at the beginning of the communication.Additionally, the person â€Å"Korten† M was talking about was absent so that the listener did not expect M to talk about him in this context. M also used an article to refer to a person what you normally do not do in the German language unless you are speaking a dialect. So we can categorize this miscommunication mainly as acoustic misunderstanding which is based on substitution of a consonant and probably came up on account of a channel problem. 4. 2. Hearing and Listening This example was taken from the internet. It is a telephone call an old woman made to the police because she wanted to know if there was a thund erstorm in Neuss. 1)P (police): Hallo? (2)W(woman): hallo? (3)P: Hallo, hier ist die Polizei (4)W: Hallo, ich kann gar nichts verstehen! (5)P: Ne? Dann mussen Sie mal richtig zuhoren! (6)W: Ich wollte fragen, aah, wo die Nacht das Gewitter war. (7)P: Das†¦war uber Bochum. (8)W: Was?! (9)P: Uber Bochum? (10)W: Saarbrucken? (11)P: Auch (speaks up) (12)W: Wo denn? (13)P: Wo solls denn hin? (14)W: Was? (15)P: Wo das Gewitter denn hin soll? (16)W: Wo das gewesen ist? (17)P: In Deutschland (18)W: Ich hab’ Sie jetzt aber nich verstanden, wirklich nich, sind Sie mir nich bose! (19)P: Ne, bin ich nicht (20)W: Wo war das denn? 21)P: Uberall! (22)W: Uberall? (23)P: Ja, †¦ und das war nass. (24)W: bass (25)P: Nass! (26)W: †¦. Ist denn viel passiert? (27)P: Nein. (28)W: Viel passiert? (29)P: Nein! (30)W: Nein? (31)P: Nein. (32)W: Nein,†¦ Ja, entschuldigen Sie bitte, ich bin 99 Jahre alt und ich hab’ eine Tochter in Dusseldorf, in Neuss wohnen und ich hab’ noch nix gehort. (33)P: Da war nichts. (34)W: Was? (35)P: In Neuss war nichts! (36)W: Da was es? (37)P: Nein! (38)W: Nein? (39)P: Nein, in Neuss kein Gewitter. (40)W: Gewitter? (41)P: Nein! (42)W: War da das Gewitter? (43)P: Nein! (44)W: Nein? Ich hab’ kein Wort verstanden!Ich habe extra an die Polizei gewandt, dass ich Antwort krieg! (45)P (schreit): Ja, da war kein Gewitter! (46)W: Was? Bitter? (47)P: Da war kein Gewitter (48)W: Gewitter? Wo? (49)P (lacht) (50)W: Hier? (51)P: Nein! W legt auf. (source: www. radiopannen. de) In general, this miscommunication seems to be listener and channel- based. However, there are several factors that lead to this miscommunication. Concerning the channel, the woman probably does not hear very well because she is already old. We can suppose this because she always asks ‘was? ’ and says ‘ Ich hab’ kein Wort verstanden’.She was also nervous, because she had not heard of her daughter, what could influence the listening process. In addition to this fact, the telephone connection was bad and crackling in the wire could be heard. Perhaps the woman also lacked the skill or concentration for listening in search. In line 47 and 48 the woman did not listen to the beginning of the sentence and just paid attention when the man was talking about the thunderstorm where she was interested in. Obviously, she applied the wrong strategy, listening in readiness so that she heard what he was saying but only recognized the word ‘Gewitter’.The same can also be supposed for line 35 and 36. Moreover, we also have some misunderstandings that are based on prosodic and phonological problems as in line 39 and 40. Here we have a prosodic problem. The woman did not get that the police officer stressed the word ‘kein’, so that she thought there was a thunderstorm. In line 24 the woman understands ‘bass’ instead of ‘nass’. This is a paradigmatic problem that is ba sed on the substitution of [n] by [b] because they are minimal pairs and the words sound similar.In line 45 and 46 she understands ‘bitter’ instead of Gewitter. Here she is not able to define the right boundary because the stress of ‘bitter’ and ‘Gewitter’ is on the last syllable. Furthermore, we have an elision of the letters [g] and [e] and a substitution. [w] is replaced by [b]. Concerning the misunderstanding in line 9 and 10 where the woman understands Saarbrucken instead of Bochum, we have to guess that this arose because she could not understand the word on account of channel problems and ‘Bochum’ was replaced by another town in brain processing.So we can conclude that this miscommunication is based on various kinds of misunderstandings that are probably mainly influenced by channel problems such as a bad connection and an old person who is hard of hearing and maybe also lacks listening skills. 4. 3. Prosody and homophones T he following example for miscommunication was broadcast on television in 1959. A reporter called Heinz Maegerlein talking about sports pronounced the sentence: Maegerlein: Tausende standen an den Hangen und Pisten which was interpreted by the spectators as: Tausende standen an den Hangen und pissten. vgl. http://de. wikipedia. org/wiki/Heinz_Maegerlein) This misunderstanding can be interpreted as a message-related, listener or speaker-based miscommunication. It is a prosodic and phonological problem. As the words ‘Pisten’ and ‘pissten’ are homophones, the spectators added an ‘s’ to the word so that it also becomes a paradigmatic problem. On account of the words being homophones, the misunderstanding is message- related. That is why the speaker has to put the emphasize on the right syllables and the pauses in the right position. Therefore, we also have a prosodic problem here.Either the speaker must have put a wrong stress on the words or the sp ectators did not get the right intonation. To get the message across correctly, the speaker is not allowed to make a pause after ‘Hangen’ (Tausende standen an den Hangen [†¦] und Pisten) since it would emphasize ‘und Pisten’. Thus, as the words are homophones and therefore intonation very important, it seems that the problem is primarily a prosodic one, since the speaker has to try to get the right meaning across. 5. Conclusion Thus, we can conclude that most of the miscommunication happens on account of problems in the auditory channel.According to Fromkin 1980 about 60% of all misunderstandings are based on slips of the ear and 60% result in nonwords (Fromkin 1980: 6). These misunderstandings can come up on the listener’s side as slip of the ear because he does not listen, he lacks listening skills, does not concentrate, or on account of a mistake in brain processing. As the listener did not get an aspect of the communication, the brain search es words that sound similar. Miscommunication can also arise on account of channel problems like noise, interactional problems or message- related problems like homophones.Furthermore, the communication can be influenced negatively through slips of the tongue produced by the speaker. Consequently, the listener replaces the target segment by other segments of the same level of description so that other words with different meanings or nonwords come up. Parts of words, sentences or syllables can also be left out or the place can be changed. Additionally, problems in prosody can influence the meaning of the sentence as wrong intonation makes the definition of word boundaries more difficult to the listener. .Bibliography Bu? mann, Hadumod (2002): Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft. Stuttgart: Kroner Verlag. Chandler, Daniel (o. A. ): The Transmission Model of Communication. http://www. aber. ac. uk/media/Documents/short/trans. html. Abgefragt am 25. 10. 2006. Clark, John/Yallop, Colin (1996 ): An introduction to phonetics and phonology. Oxford/Cambridge: Blackwell. Cutler, Anne/Dahan, Delphine/Donselaar van, Wilma (1997): Prosody in the comprehension of spoken language: A literature review. Language and Speech, 40, 141-201. Fromkin, Victoria (1980): Errors in linguistic performance. Slips of the tongue, Ear, Pen and Hand. New York/London: Academic Press. Grasegger, Hans (2004): Phonetik und Phonologie. Idstein: Schulz-Kirchner Verlag. Myres/Myres (1992): The dynamics of human communication. New York: Mc Graw Hill. Truax, Barry (2000): Acoustic communication. Norwood: Ablex Publishing Corporation. A communication model : www. worldtrans. org . Abgerufen am 25. 10. 2006. www. radiopannen. de. Abgerufen am 19. 03. 2007.

Improving Quality of Health Care Services Essay - 1400 Words

Improving Quality of Health Care Services The U.S. leads the way in many areas into the future of economy, wealth and civilization. America spends more on heath care than any other nation with quality and safety being a key focus. Nevertheless, evidence of improvement of decreased errors is limited. We lack answers to financial stability and providing quality health care to all (Becher amp; Chassin, 2001). Nationally, everyone is engaged in improving the quality and safety of healthcare. We need to be awakened to preventing errors and providing safer care (Laureate, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the initiative to improve quality and safety of health care with the â€Å"Six Dimensions of Goodness in Healthcare.† A†¦show more content†¦Americans are fascinated with technology and often want something done whether it is the best choice of care. Health care providers accommodate consumers. A more unified system could provide better care. It could decrease spending and limit the freedom to choose any type of care one desires (Becher, amp; Chassin, 2001). A fragmented healthcare system needs to come together to provide equal access and care to all U.S. citizens (Laureate, 2009). The six dimensions promote a high level of performance leading to better quality performance and a process of care measures. Healthcare is â€Å"raising the bar† for better care with enhanced collaboration, benchmarking, and facility board goals to support the dimensions (Jiang, 2010). Quality goals such as Zero central line infections amp; zero sepsis is encouraging a higher level of care instead of being satisfied with average outcomes of care (Jiang, 2010). Role of nursing Health care is a team sport. Nursing needs to be part of the team and be actively involved in preventing harm to patients (Laureate, 2009). 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