Rape Victims :: essays research papers

infract VictimsOutside in the rain, a young man approached the house. He knew exactly where to go, he had been watching the back door. No one knows how often he had been out there, but he knew exactly where to find the hidden key. It was hidden in a woodpile behind some bushes near to the whit picked fence. He used it to let himself in the back door. He walked through the kitchen, around a corner, up the stairs, past the kids rooms, and into Rosss bedroom. Shed been asleep for about one-half an hour, and the movement in the room startled her awake. Her first thought was that one of the children had come to her with a problem. Then she noticed the flashlight held by a portentous figure dimly illuminated by a night-light down the hall. "Who are you? What do you want?" She demanded. "My friend is with your children, and he has a gun," the man said. "Hell kill them if you dont do what I want." Ross pleaded with him to take whatever money was there and leave. H er told her not to scream, and when she began to cry, he told her she should stop, because he said "youre a grown woman." He performed oral sex on her, and then raped her. When he had finished, he said to no one in particular, "That was awesome." Then he put a pillow over her face, told her to amount to 100, and then he left the house. When she was sure he was gone, she checked the children and found the asleep and unharmed (apparently there had been no accomplice). (Grossman) This is just one of the disturbing situations where an impartial person is made into a victim. Rape is a felony crime in which a person is forced to have sexual intercourse without giving consent. Rape is traumatizing, and has a long lasting effect on how victims cope in society. While most rapes are unreported the number of cases reported in the unify States more then doubled between 1970 and 1986. Rape is often motivated by extreme anger toward the victim or a need to overwhelm the victim . The motive is rarely sexual. Rape is intended to abuse, humiliate, and dehumanize the victim. 50% of all rapists are under the age of 25 and are most frequently with person the victim already knows.

Descriptive Essay - The Meadow -- Descriptive Essay, Descriptive Writin

The Meadow On a crisp autumn afternoon, I sit down idly under an enormous oak treewatching as a whirlwind whisked across the rolling hills of the meadow. As itpassed by me, the whirlwind scooped up a still pile of leaves lying next tothe oak tree. The leaves appeared to come alive twisting, turning, and dancingabout the meadow. They were sporting their new fall colors of red, orange,brown, and yellow. The brittle autumn leaves seemed to be having a party. Asthe party moved out of sight, I began to think about the last time I visited themeadow. The memories of my last visit are bright with relaxed and peacefulthoughts motivated by the images, scents, and sounds of the meadow. The beauty of the meadow in the summer is unequaled. My memoriescontained many images of this special place. Snow covered mountains extend highabove the field thus, setting the backdrop to the meadow. Wildflowersspeckled the base of the mountain becoming more abundant near the babblingbrook. The brook ran thr ough the midd...

Machiavellis The Prince: Still Relevant after All These Years Essay

Machiavelli is a crystal-clear realist who understands the limits and uses of power. -- Pulitzer Prizewinning author J atomic number 18d Diamond (2013)Written almost 500 eld ago, Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince brings forward a new definition of virtue. Machiavellis definition argued against the concept brought forward by the Catholic Church. Machiavelli did not impose any thoughts of his own, preferably he wrote from his experience and whatever philosophy that lead to actions which essentially produced effective outcomes in the political scene of Italy and in other countries. While Machiavelli is still criticized for his notions, the justness is that, consciously or subconsciously we are all thinking for our own benefit and going at length to achieve it. On matters of power where in that respect is much to gain and a lot more to lose, the concept of Machiavellis virtue of doing what needs to be done applies rigorously to our modern politics and therefrom The Prince still serve s as a suitable political treatise in the 21st century.The subject of human nature has great emphasis in The Prince. Human universes are viewed as rational decision makers who try to maximize their self-interest. They are inc guided to help whoever will give them the most benefits and by definition, may easily break down someone to whom they were previously loyal seeing a better opportunity. A large part of being a prince or a politician is being able to lead people, and therefore it is of utter importance in how to deal with their behavior. Here a question arises whether it is better to be loved than feared, or the reverse. The resolvent is, of course, that it would be best to be both loved and feared. But since the two rarely come together, anyone compelled to choose will fin... ... to the times of kings and princess, however it must be noted that the underlying human emotions and their motivations can only be dealt with decisiveness and deep plotting. The concepts discussed are applicable to all leaders and politicians holding offices. Bottom line is, some things never changes. Even though a lot has changed, principles of Machiavellis Prince are adapted and used widely yet secretly in a complex world of growth and prosperity with a greater demography and geography. Bibliography1)Machiavelli, Niccolo, and Robert Martin Adams. Chapter 17. The Prince A Revised Translation, Backgrounds, Interpretations, Marginalia. New York Norton, 1992. 46. Print.2)Machiavelli, Niccolo, and Robert Martin Adams. Chapter 18. The Prince A Revised Translation, Backgrounds, Interpretations, Marginalia. New York Norton, 1992. 49. Print.

Joseph Stalin vs. Maximilien Robespierre Essay -- essays research pape

Robespierre is known as possibly the greatest leader of the French Revolution. Stalin is known as one of Russias greatest leaders. There are many differences and similarities in each of their reigns as leaders. Both used economic plans and total war effort as a political campaign to further there revolution. Stalin and Robespierre used their revolutions, however, through terror Stalin remained true to his revolution but Robespierre betrayed his. Stalin had an ingenious plan to help his countrys economy suffer back on track. He called this plan the Five Year Plan which consisted of four parts. First was a plan to increase industrial output in five years because Russia was far behind the Great Powers of Europe. Second was the end of NEP, New Economic Plan, in Russia. NEP was another way of saying collectivization. Third was more than focused to the increase of steel production, which they were able to do by five hundred percent. And lastly was his commitment of investing one-third of the governments income to industry.Robespierre had a similar economic takeover tied in with his total war effort. Robespierres total war effort helped both to better the economy and link up France. His effort included a draft of all able bodied, single men, fixed prices on goods, and the bread of equality bread that was made from regular drinking straw and not the wheat used in pastries which were often viewed as rich people food. The total war effort al...

Declining Air Quality :: Environment Environmental

Declining Air QualitySection AThe declining air quality can be held trusty for m some(prenominal) things such as city smog and the greenhouse effect. Such jobs are very definite in America since they are one of the visor airpollutantcreating countries in the world. The original list of air pollutants created by US industries was made up of arsenic, asbestos, benzene, beryllium, coke oven emissions, mercury, radionuclides (radioactive isotopes), and vinyl chloride. In the 1990s this list was grow to include 189 substances, and by the end of the 1990s regulations were put in place for the major sources, which require the emission of no more than ten tons of any of these substances and no more than twenty five tons of any combination of them per year. Air defilement that worsens the global air quality is mostly generated by the wealthier, more populated nations. America has a population of 275,372,000, making it one of the most populated countries it is also the most powerful natio n in the world. As a result almost both household in the United States own a car or two. Cars are major contributors to the ozone hole and when almost every household in one of the most populated countries in the world own one, the level of air pollution emitted would be paramount. As a result, many a(prenominal) of the major cites in the US such as New York, Miami and Los Angeles have very bad smog that reduce visibility and increase health risks. In Los Angeles, for example, the smog causes eye and chest irritations for residents and exacerbates asthma. Attempts have been made to clear the smog, but no reasonable success has been achieved. There have been measures taken to stop the problem from getting noticeably worse, but it is not a dogged term option.The smog in LA is caused fundamentally by the Californian insolate. The heat of the sun creates a layer of warm air that acts as a seal, trapping the cold air in the basin of the Los Angeles harbour. This effect traps all of t he industrial pollution and the car exhaust above the city. The millions that live there are all exposed daily to harmful levels of carbon monoxide. It is not yet known what the long term effects of this will be. Due to this hazard to human health the Los Angeles authorities have been urged to cut down on pollution, which means burning fogey fuels more completely and restricting the industries, all at the cost of millions of dollars.

Free Essays - Animal Farm :: Animal Farm

Introduction Animal Farm is a symbolical political satire in which animals take the egress of humans. These animals can talk and are just as intelligent as humans. Theylearn to read and each type of animal a different facial gesture of humanity.(Ex. Pigs- Politicians Horses- Laborers Sheep- Gullible People etc. )This book shows how a government that is set up to serve the people turns againstthem, just like communism did to the Russian people. animalism symbolizescommunism and the characters symbolize Russian leaders and people ofimportance. This is a tale with no happy ending. Characters The Pigs They symbolize politicians in a stereotypical sense. Some of them lie, cheat, and divert from the animals they are supposed to serve. They make promises that are never kept. Propaganda is spread to the animals they are supposed to represent. Old Major He is a pig who is very old. He has seen the lifestyle the animals live and is dissatisfied with it. He creates a government ideology called animalism which represents communism. He is the Karl Marx of this world. Napoleon He is a large, fierce looking Berkshire boar, who is non much of a talker. He uses animalism only to increase his power and the dogs to terrorize the other animals. Napoleon symbolizes the dictator Joseph Stalin in this world. sweet sand verbena He is a pig that fights with Napoleon over the power on the farm. He is a very energetic, eloquent speaking, brilliant leader who organizes the defense of the farm. Napoleons jealousness of him makes him try to kill Snowball. Snowball flees the area and every misfortune in Animal Farm after that is blamed on him. He represents Leon Trotsky in this story. Squealor He is a short, fat, twinkle eye pig who is a brilliant talker. He justifies the horrible actions of Napoleon and most of the animals buy into it. He has a sly, persuasive air to him. This is why he is header of Napoleons propaganda plan. Boxer He is a large, very powerful horse who is not to o bright. He buys into animalism and works the hardest on the farm. He saves the farm on multiple occasions and declared a national hero. After he gets too sick to work Napoleon secretly sells him to a glue factory. Boxer symbolizes the hard working Russian class that Stalin abused for his own benefit. Mollie She is a mare who abandons Animal Farm for sugar and ribbons at the human

Free Essays - Animal Farm :: Animal Farm

Introduction Animal Farm is a symbolical political satire in which animals take theplace of kind-hearteds. These animals coffin nail talk and atomic number 18 just as intelligent as humans. Theylearn to read and each type of animal a different aspect of humanity.(Ex. Pigs- Politicians Horses- Laborers Sheep- immature People etc. )This book shows how a government that is set up to serve the people turns againstthem, just like collectivism did to the Russian people. Animalism symbolizescommunism and the characters symbolize Russian leaders and people ofimportance. This is a tale with no happy ending. Characters The Pigs They symbolize politicians in a stereotypical sense. Some of them lie, cheat, and steal from the animals they are supposed to serve. They make promises that are never kept. Propaganda is spread to the animals they are supposed to represent. Old Major He is a slob who is very old. He has seen the life style the animals live and is dissatisfied with it. He crea tes a government ideology called animalism which represents communism. He is the Karl Marx of this world. sleep He is a large, fierce looking Berkshire boar, who is not oftentimes of a talker. He uses animalism only to increase his power and the dogs to terrorize the other animals. Napoleon symbolizes the dictator Joseph Stalin in this world. Snowball He is a betrayer that fights with Napoleon over the power on the evoke. He is a very energetic, eloquent speaking, brilliant leader who organizes the defense of the farm. Napoleons jealousness of him makes him try to kill Snowball. Snowball flees the battleground and every misfortune in Animal Farm after that is blamed on him. He represents Leon Trotsky in this story. Squealor He is a short, fat, twinkle eyed pig who is a brilliant talker. He justifies the horrible actions of Napoleon and most of the animals buy into it. He has a sly, persuasive air to him. This is why he is head of Napoleons propaganda plan. Boxer He is a large, very powerful horse who is not too bright. He buys into animalism and works the hardest on the farm. He saves the farm on multiple occasions and declared a national hero. After he gets too sick to work Napoleon secretly sells him to a gum tree factory. Boxer symbolizes the hard working Russian class that Stalin abused for his own benefit. Mollie She is a mare who abandons Animal Farm for sugar and ribbons at the human

The Hukou System in China

No other creatures in the animal world form anything resembling cities. The closest resemblance would be a bee hive or an anthill, however in contrast to human agglomerations they be closed to non-natives and not based on voluntary ex variety (Bartlett, 1998, cited in OSullivan, 2009). The hukou (household registration) system, implemented in China in the late 1950s and still being enforced today, assigns a hukou location to every Chinese citizen that curtails self-initiated moves and limits migration from rural to urban areas (Fan 2005).These restrictions create agglomerations much ike those described by the hives and the hills of nature, and it is questioned whether such restrictions are preventing Chinese cities from obtaining a socially optimizing equilibrium. This essay looks to discuss the determinants of urban center size, the effects of the hukou system on these determinants and wherefore evaluate whether Chinese cities are bring forth to The size of a city can be distin guished surrounded by its size in terms of land mass and its size in terms of population.For this issue we shall mainly focus on population. Ravensteins (1889, cited from Fan, 2005) laws f migration introduced the notion that the great unwashed move in order to better themselves economically. In this view, migration is considered as the individuals response to regional differentials in economic development.Similarly, neoclassical theory views migration as an outcome of geographic differences in labor demand and supply (Sjaastad 1962, cited from Fan, Firms and hence labor force are attracted to cities as they provide agglomeration economies and economies of scale, efficiently concentrating infrastructure and other common resources via labor-pooling, familiarity pill-overs and economic competition, thus raising productivity, and hence wages (OSullivan, 2009).Ultimately it is a migrants service that influences their decision to migrate from place to place. OSullivan (2009) relates t he utility of a worker with the marrow workforce within a city, From this example it can be shown that cities may be too gigantic, entirely not too small. The utility curve reaches its upper limit with 2 million workers in a city so a region with 6 million workers entrust maximize utility with 3 cities, where utility has adjusted until workers are indifferent between the two cities.If cities are too small, so for example if in that location are 6 small cities each with 1m workers, there is an unstable equilibrium because the utility curve is positively sloped at this point. If a worker moves from one small city to another they create a utility gap as the population in one has decreased and hence utility while the other increased. This gap encourages even more movement, and as self-reinforcing effects generate extreme outcomes, the extreme outcome is that everyone go out move from one city to another, making the city disappear.However when you have two large cities, with m wo rkers each, when a worker moves and a utility gap is created, utility is actually higher in the smaller city (perhaps due to congestion and overcrowding in the now larger city) making migration self-correcting or else than self-reinforcing. Migrants will then either move back to the smaller city, or existing inhabitants of the larger city will move to the smaller one until a stable equilibrium of 3 million workers.The hukou systems restrictions will limit workers ability to migrate between cities and it is almost received that an optimum equilibrium state will not being reached. Workers will be contained within the region they currently reside and while it may be possible for equilibrium to be reached within the region, it limits the probability of it being optimal dramatically.This reflects Andes(1995) view that political forces, more so than economic ones, drive urban centralization, hence cities are induce While migration may be a major factor in the determination of city size, cities are engines of economic growth (Lucas, 2001, cited from OSullivan, 2009), careless(predicate) of migration restrictions. Krugman (1991) says that economic growth is induced through agglomeration economies, with lements of labor-pooling, knowledge spill-overs and technological innovation.With these elements, growth can be induced by increasing the productivity and income of human crown (OSullivan, 2009), learning and innovating production and management techniques from one another (Porter, 1990 cited from Glaeser, 1992) and hence as a result of a combination of the previous two, results in technological innovation, push increasing productivity and efficiency (Krugman, 1991). As a result of internal economic growth, OSullivan (2009) depicts this graphically again with respect to workers utility and population, Figure 2.Growth induced by innovation shifts the utility curve outwards. People will then want to move to the innovative city and close the utility gap until a new eq uilibrium b and s. This however brings about an important point. The new equilibrium can only come about if labor migration exists. With the hukou system, migration is restricted which will result in innovative cities always having a higher utility than those who dont and hence because of such a disequilibrium, the majority of Chinese cities in effect are induced into being too small.The equilibrium j cannot be reached as nnovation cannot become contagious across cities, in which both cities will innovate at the same time. Jacobs (1969, cited from Glaeser, 1992) further supports the notion that internal economic growth alone is not sufficient as most important knowledge spill-overs come from removed the industry, and as a result of labor migration restrictions, such knowledge is limited to flourish growth.Scherer (1982, cited from Glaeser, 1992) presents evidence strengthening Jacobs view, indicating that around 70% of innovations in a wedded industry are used outside the industry . To summarize, labor mobility underpins the validity of OSullivans theories on utility and population size within a city and the ideas of internally induced growth put forward by Lucas, Krugman, Glaeser and OSullivan. Without labor mobility, labor cannot close utility gaps, therefore not allowing the theoretical possibility for them to become too big, but not too small.A citys internal ability to induce growth is limited in Jacobs view if the majority of increases in productivity and innovation as a result of knowledge spill-overs arguably come from outside he industry, and hence city. The hukou systems power to restrict labor movement, restricts the possibility of human containers shipping complex, uncodified info (Storper, 2001) required for innovation from one interprovincial city to another, hence limiting the ability for growth. Chinese cities in effect, are forced into being too small.In conclusion, Myrdal (1957) argues a stable equilibrium assumption implies that a social p rocess follows a direction, this in his view is wrong. It can be possible that some exogenous change has such strength and irection to bring the system to rest, however it is not a natural outcome and is furthermore unstable. Such a state can besides be achieved through policy intervention the hukou system in this case. Storper (1989) adds to this saying growth is the pivot on which industrial geography turns, and change is the only continual in a world of persistent disequilibrium.Metaphorically, such an equilibrium (or disequilibrium relative to a less restricted system) resulting from the hukou system, contains provincial regions separately from one another rather than allowing a concoction give ise to a mass growing system. It can be argued however that smaller cities can be more desirable than those heavy under the influence of urban sprawl, exempting the dis-economies of increased congestion and commuting costs (Bruekner, 2000).But the strength and benefits of agglomeratio n economies in pushing cities to grow outweigh such by-products, as these can be addressed because of the innovation that is created. However, as discussed in this essay, there is much resentment against the hukou system. Huifeng (2010) presents a joint editorial in 13 Chinese mainland newspapers hat called on the nations top legislative body to abolish the hukou system, as the strict population controls have split the country into rural and urban areas.He continues to say as the mainland has developed in recent decades, concerns have been expressed that the system may be doing more harm than good, with the divide between the urban and rural populations growing into a chasm. If the restrictions were lifted, a natural flow will be brought about onto the Chinese economy, allowing Chinese cities and regions to converge towards OSullivans optimal equilibriums, no daylong rendering them too small.

I’M Their

Essay 2. In what ways do your academic background and recent inculcatemaster or managerial experience provide evidence of your potential for success in the program you selected? In your eventual career? Please provide particular examples of relevant coursework and/or experience. MajoringMajor in International Economics and Trade, I have built a sound academic background of economics and finance during quaternity years of undergraduate study in School of Economics, Fudan University.Through a series of curricular and research projects, I developed sound theoretical knowledge and unbendable analytical ability. My own(prenominal)ity and ambition was shaped by active participation in various leadership positions and experience of professional practice. I dont like this beginner, since its alike plain and not impressive something no other than a narration. Ordinarily, you should figure out the very important perspective of yourself which can ensure reader of your suitableness tp this program, if not extinguishment, e. . Your career goal, some specific internship, courses or research project arouse your great interest in some parts of this program. During the first two years of my undergraduate study, I have taken a wide range of courses. Basic core courses such as Political Economics, Micro and Macroeconomics authorise me to construct theoretical framework of economics, while Advanced Mathematics, Linear Algebra, Statistics, Probability Theory and Mathematical Statistics enabled me to apply quantitative methods to economic analysis. Referring some courses correlated to the program, for example, since its under the B-school, some finance, strategy, marketing and other practical courses youve enrolled in could be figured out. My talents revealed when it comes to international economics, in which not only did I achieve pourboire grades but also proactively conducted a series of research projects. Through studying Western Economic History, Introduction to world economy, International trade, and International Economic Cooperation, I have gained deeper understanding about international economics and complex relations among the worlds major economies.My coursework covered various issues including FDI, Merger & Acquisition, the manor ashes of West Europe and the trading structure between China and US, and my term paper on The Origins of Three Major Crisis In The 20th Century the enceinte Depression, the fiscal crisis in East Asia in 1997 and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis was whiz of the best in my class. This paragraph is nice and useful. Meanwhile, I was the Vice General Secretary of the school students union and Vice President of FDU X-Games Club, bothAll of the managerialadministrative positions lasted for one yearYou should delete it for one year is no better than not referred to and greatly enhanced my leadership, creativity and sense of responsibility. My jr. year was a very productive year, with excellent academic results tha t won me a scholarship for academic session 2011-2012, three research projects respectively concerning M&A, RMB labyrinthine sense exchange rate and deindustrialization, and several headspring-constructed term papers.Equipped with knowledge and analytical skills gained from previous study, I started my trials in more complex researches. by from course study, I was devoted to a research project with Professor Dazhong Cheng on Chinese firms cross-b shape merger and acquisition from the perspective of heterogeneous firms internationalization theory, which is a part of his research project funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71272069).I was responsible for collecting and selecting massive amounts of data, translating company information between English and Chinese, and affect data using such software packages as STATA and EVIEWS. This research experience has enhanced my understanding of merger and acquisition at the micro level, as well as trained my prac tical ability of solving problems using econometric methods. As far as I know, the program of MAief is a very practical one which is aiming to provide its enrollers a wealthy professional trainee, so the research experience seems like redundant.Just take more efforts to your professional experience, your working endeavors your personal characteristics, and some special(prenominal) things to distinguish you. It was during the study of International Finance, Monetary Economics and Investments that I discovered pure interest and real passion in finance. These courses are highly demanding, taught with some up-to-date case analysis, group discussions and large amounts of literature reading. Being self-motivated, I found myself well adapted to this learning mode.I organized group projects on RMB equilibrium exchange rate and tools of monetary policy as group leader, presented learning outcome at class seminars. I led my team zealously participated in the class debate, and ranked 1st in performance graded by committee consists of the professor and teaching assistants. Your interests, your career goals should be contrive as very beginning as possible, since those things are the admission committee finding for to judge whether you are thoughtful, promising, and suitable for their program.While The deeper I getinvolved, the more fascinated I became. In order to gain better understanding of the financial market through practice, I became an intern at the solvent Center of Bank of East Asia (China) Limited in the summer of 2012 later on standing out from dozens of competitors. The Settlement Center is responsible for concentrated treasury management of BEA China, including the clearing and settlement of bonds, currencies, financial derivatives and the associated financial risk management.During the 4-month internship, I took prime responsibility in collecting capital adequacy ratio data and foreign exchange positions data from branches, then study the data and com piled accurate statements and reports for the team to conduct effective management. My working passion also lies in risk management of securities by revaluation and credit evaluation. I assisted mark-to-market accounting, as well as analysis of bonds issuers annual reports.My initiative and devotion has earned first-rate recommendation of the Department Head of the Settlement Center. Apart from daily work, I also voluntarily worked on the communication and cooperation between the back office and the front desk, which enhanced operation efficiency of both the Settlement Center and the Treasury Division. Impressed by my effort, the President of the Treasury Division offered me an opportunity to join the division as a trainee to work with and learn from experient colleagues.The exposure in the front desk triggered my enthusiasm for the fast-changing financial markets, while the diligent practice at the Settlement Center reinforced my systematic comprehension of banking businesses. You put too much narration, what about mentioning some difficulties, challenges, harshy time or even failure you came across during these time, and how you deal with them beat them and pull yourself back. If no immediate scripts, honorable imagine some, thats OK. This professional experience has shaped my analytical abilities and interpersonal skills, as well as my career goals. I am highly will to work as a financial analyst in an investment bank, an asset management company or a financial consulting firm after earning a M. A. in International Economics and Finance. Eventually, with financial expertise and first-hand experience, I will realize my long-term goal of founding an investment company specialised in investment portfolios management.I am on the way towards my portrayed blueprint, and the distinguished MAief program of Brandeis IBS would be one milestone along the expedition. To end up your personal statement, the safest way is to explain your deficits through which you could express your eagerness of being admitted by Brandeis (also you could flatter it as your dream school and ideal program), underscore your insatiability of strengthening yourself and reprise about your career goal in details. If I were you, I will Ar the very beginning,g

Petsmart Company Profile

pampersmart Inc. was founded in 1986 and is headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona. PetSmart is a provider of products, services and solutions for the postulate of pets. It offers multiple lines of products for all the life phases of pets, and offers various pet services including training, boarding day camp, and professional grooming. It besides offers pet products through an e-commerce site, PetSmart. com, and operates a pet confederacy site, pets. com. PetSmart also offers reptiles, fresh-water tropical fish, small pets, and birds.In addition, it provides pet services consisting of baths, teeth cleaning, grooming, toenail trimming, training, boarding, and day camp. According to Yahoo pay, the company operates hospitals that offer boarding for dogs and cats, an on-call veterinarian, temperature controlled suite and suites, daily specialty treats and play time, and day camp for dogs. The company does not sell dogs or cats, but provides space in most stores for adoption and beast w elfare organizations to use.It features dog and cat foods, many of which are not available in supermarkets, warehouse clubs or other mass and general retail merchandisers, and also its proprietorship label foods According to Reuters, the companys stores range in size from 18,000 to 27,000 square feet. It offers more than 10,000 items, including brand names, as well as a selection of its own brands across a wide range categories. PetSmart veterinary services consist of second examinations and vaccinations, dental care, a pharmacy, as well as routine and complex surgical procedures.As of May 3, 2009, it operated 1,137 retail stores and 152 PetsHotels. Full-service veterinary hospitals in 734 of the companys stores offer routine examinations and vaccinations, dental care, a pharmacy, and routine and complex surgical procedures. Medical Management International, Inc. operates 722 of these hospitals. PetSmarts merchandise sales represented approximately 89. 6% of its net sales during th e fiscal year cease February 1, 2009 (fiscal 2008). Merchandise generally falls into three main categories hard-goods, consumables, and pets. Consumables merchandise sales includes pet food, treats, and litter.This categories sales comprised of 57% of its net sales in fiscal 2008. Pet services, which include grooming, training, boarding and day camp, represented 10. 4% of the companys net sales in fiscal 2008. References _PETM Summary for PetSmart, Inc- Yahoo Finance. (n. d. ). Yahoo Finance Business Finance, Stock Market, Quotes, News. Retrieved March 5, 2010, from http//finance. yahoo. com/q? s=PETM_ _Reuters. com. (n. d. ). Business & Financial News, Breaking US & International News Reuters. com. Retrieved March 5, 2010, from http//www. reuters. com/finance/stocks/companyProfile? symbol=PETM. O_

Fashion Trends

demeanor Trends of Youth in Pakistan Consumer Behavior Chapter 1 Introduction * contrive Its not fair an outfit that is the offer of contrive. Rather it resides in e rattling corner of the present landscape. Our mobile phones, our cars, our kitchens, our woof of media, the places w here(predicate) see our friends- completely in altogether add to the meaning of musical mode. Its not enough to wear the garb, you pay back to don the bearing- movement too. Fashion is a conceptual term though it covers al close all aspects of our daily life.Dress is rattling distinguished facet of our person-to-personizedity and look in our practice and garb put up taken its step towards international market. The sell and wholesale sector in Pakistan was worth nearly $40 billion in financial year 2012, and has been growing at 5. 3% in literal (inflation-adjusted) terms for the past five geezerhood, much faster than overall economic growth during that period. duplicate to this rationalize in consumerism,digital Marketing in Pakistan has overly been on the rise which has resulted in theFashion Indus see (specifically formal and informal lawn carrys), fast judge this unique phenomenon.Also, with the Ramazan on the go Eid approaching in the surface future and summers near their destined end, many new article of clothing stigmatises have gone prompt and be advertising their Eid collection and Summer Sales on Facebook vigorously. So much so, that as per my calculations, one in every ten recommendations/sponsored stories or ads I see, ar related to a clothing brand. Whether it be conventional brands analogous Kayseria, Khaadiand Gul Ahmed, or newly launched premium brands like Sana Safinaz or Asim Jofa, or relatively littler interior house decorator names like Rang Ja, The Working Woman, Mariam Aziz and Echo ll good deal be found actively on Facebook. Fashion assiduity of Pakistan has made quite a lot of progress in just a a couple of(prenominal) er years. Ten to fifteen years from now, this industry was still unknown to actually exist to the masses. easy with the formation of way of life councils and education centers under the enthusiastic few who wanted to make a difference and promulgate this very institution of elbow room, * Quick glisten at demeanor back in TIME The singe 60s The focus of the duration was on fittings. Bell bottoms, hair pieces, narrow fitted shirts, narrow dupattas, heavy core makeup for girls and side burns for men was order of the time.People in those times took influence from the actors whom they idealized. The Political 70s In 70s the political times changed. People turned towards patriotism. cotton plant came in vogue and people were seen in loose kurtas called Awami Suits and Saris. The money qualification(a) 80s The 80s emerged from the drabness of the 70s and ushered in disco, glitz and glamour. People were indulged in their material instincts. In Pakistan, loose was in and tight was out. Glitter and glitz was trendy and chasteness took a back seat. Back To The East With 90s It was a time for the rival of our culture.Traditional costumes made a comeback. A lot of embroidery, gharara, Sheirwani and Paishwaz were seen. Everyone wanted to look sleek and thin. The rising Millennium The Y2K The year 2000 came with a bang moving people towards hi-tech and fast-paced living. The clothes too have become more than streamlined and structured. The be boundaries of eastern and western modality have collapsed people wear no fuss Chinese trousers, cargo pants, iron easy cloth and manold ageable quite short hair. Fusion is the call of this time * Interview with originators Maria BFashion is an accompaniment of self ,an ___ bearion of individuality, of art and modernism- It has no borders or divides- Its passion and It is the aeonian evolution of society. Fashion is a form of ___expression on an individual as well as a well-disposed levelThe general shift in Pakistan thank God is towards intelligent broad-minded ideas and its now starting to reflect in the counsel that people be dressing up HSY Fashion for me is your smell out of living. Its not only about dress, but its about you and what you live with. It gouge be your values and ethics, it substructure be everything around you. Nida aliI see the average customer is price apprised, personal manner conscious, trend conscious and the element of brand consciousness comes right at the end. Chapter 2 The Consumer Segmentation & Targeting In a broader view and unbiased analysis, the Pakistani demeanor industry has certainly played a very constructive and optimistic role in construct the form sense and fashion trends amongst all the age collections The address we have selected to conduct a survey on the changing trends in fashion scenario is a combination of both the genders from the age range of 15 to 35 years of age regardless of any income bracket from the educated community.This ran ge send away be justified with the projection of the quest after(prenominal)ing statistics. The income ranges depict that our repoint market is al close equally from all income groups and people do follow fashion regardless of income brackets in one way or the early(a)(a). Our intention market of research comprises of a major(ip) puffiness from the age range of 21 to 25 years be 76%. While having fineer portions of age 15-20 and 26-30 with sizes of 14% and 10% respectively. The youth mainly the fashion seekers and followers ar in the continuation of their education period.As, this is the age when fashion becomes a craze for them. 63% females are fashion conscious automatic to enrol in a fashion survey succession 37% are from the male category of consumers. * Media of Approach The fashion consumer of at present is constantly bombarded with different types of stimuli in different forms of advertising. To twenty-four hour periods fashion consumer is more ripe and dem anding than the consumer of the past. Looking at history, fashion runways and fashion shows have been the biggest inspirations for the fashion industry.We have assessed from these facts that regardless of the rapid growth in new mediums of development search like online sources of 13%, The traditional media is still more trustworthy for the consumer to attain the information they require for their obtain like Fashion shows & Exhibitions having 20%, Fashion Magazines 24%, TV Commercials 40% and Billboards 10% chunk respectively. Fashion magazines are an extension of the marketing departments of large fashion companies. For a designer, the fashion show is a way to mail ideas. It is a medium. The growing Online trend The growing trend of online queries and locating stores, if not e-purchases, have alike seen a tremendous rise which is understandable dispenseingfemales make up 31% of Pakistans Facebook people of near 7 Million and the age group from 18-34 years makes 76% of the said population. These stats quite clearly infer thatDigital has about certainly become an effective medium oftransforminginformation and communicating with this industrys target group. In addition to the remarkable customer dish up most of the fashion brands inPakistan are providing online, it is worthy to note that digital media has leveled the playing field for all brands, irrespective of their sizes. It has given all sorts of brands the leverage to promote themselves and look social media marketing for their advantage, especially if traditional mediums like billboards, print ads, TVCs etc are out of budget. This in writing(p) record represents the social movement of facebook fans of various brands locally in Pakistan and worldwide as well. The appreciation of facebook and other social media networks as a tool of marketing is growing very rapidly in a very short time among our young generation.Considering these statistics, we croup appraise the standing of these various br and among the consumers and their level of appreciation in the market. Keeping these stats and trends in mind, one domiciliate observablely fill up that digital and eventually mobile marketing has an immense potential for the Fashion Industry. If the growth trends observe to move in the similar direction and at a standardised pace, there should certainly be no stopping social media marketing from qualification brands re-allocatetheir budgets from traditional to online mediums. Chapter 3 Market Research * Problem StatementHow does the demeanour of a fashion consumer changes with upcoming fashion trends? * Research Methods * Questionnaire We have gathered information from our target market with 30 questionnaires duly filled by the prospects from our target market at various places with different set of ideals for a broader perspective and analyzed the results. The questionnaire is attached. * focusing Group We conducted a focus group of 8 attendees from our target market and concluded healthy intervention on the concerned issue. The moderator guide of the focus group is attached at the end. Online Focus Group on FaceBook We have conducted a focus group online through the platform of facebook as we do realize that the major chunk of our target study is active on social media networks. * Interviews Our search overly consists of the interviews from the fashion industry to gather an over view about fashion from the producers of this wave. * Mall Intercepts We have visited quite a few stores, brand outlets and malls surveying for practical encounters and recorded the views of few consumers in video and others in writing.Our surveys destinations included Suzy, apparel & Tie Shop, Hyperstar at Fortress Stadium while slightly interviews were conducted on the streets there. * Boutique Survey We also encountered the people running those boutiques and assessed their perceptions briefly. Chapter 4 Consumer Behavior Consumer behavior is deeply influenced by th e demographics and household structures, requisites, emotions, values and reputation, group influences, information processing and decision making along with purchase behavior. Consumers are becoming more demanding, which is forcing fashion retailers to provide the right result at the right time.Information and trends are moving around the globe at high speed, resulting in more options and thus the consumers make more often. The consumers need for uniqueness forces fashion retailers to constantly reclaim their styles. * rageure In case of cultural preferences, we often see people with different style statements living in the very(prenominal) area or same people having same countances living at areas with vast distances. This is a fact which projects the importance of presence of culture in our lives which we tend to follow in well-nigh all walks of our life.The most followed culture is equally distributed among personaal and family preferences with the health of 37% each. Mo st of the population tend to follow what is world pursued in their region for ages, for instance, in Pakistan, with many differences in lifestyle, we all still follow some basic similar values. On the other hand, if we take Family culture into account, it refers to the values we circumstances with our family, the way we present ourselves establish on our family background, living standards and lifestyle. 19% incorporate multiple cultures in their attire and behavior while 4% opts for Western style of dressing.Social Class Fashion reflects our society and our culture. likewise it reflects how people define themselves People tend to follow what is in and what is the wave of the present current in fashion. 44% of our participants from consumer market are inclined towards the ongoing trends, while another major chunk is attracted towards the designer cuts or brand for their prime(a) of attire. Former categories comprise of the legal age while small parts of the market follow Celebr ity with 6%, 6% towards price, 6% of advertisements while 10% people go for friends advise and attire. * Consumer Behavior Model Involvement of senses (Touch, sight) When we judge the gauge of an apparel, the foremost concern for the consumer is the quality of the product which is preferred by 50% even for the youngsters who do not really care for the long life of the products. Some follow View of the framework and its name share the same standing of 17% while a greater appreciation of Brand name of 24%. * Personal Selection Factors * luxuriant consumption Value of a invest is existence outlined as an interactive partiality experience, and distinguishes a persons experience of interacting with an object or event.Enjoyable experiences in a store reflect different types of sybaritic values. Values are defined as consumer behavior that regards the emotional and fantasy aspect of consumers interactions with products. targetvass to its utilitarian counterpart, the luxurious disc overping value is more personal and associated with playfulness and fun. For instance, it is fairly common that people shop for both utilitarian and hedonic grounds, as well as a positive mood can come from consumers following either type of shopping. A reason for consumers to go shopping can also be the possibility to socialize with their friends.An individuals set of values is very important regarding consumption activities. Many purchases are made because consumers think that purchasing products will result in reaching value-related goals. shop for clothes is considered recreational, satisfying and rewarding. Impulse tainting is important to fulfill hedonic desires. There is an evident link between appetency procureing behavior and hedonic shopping. Clothes purchased to satisfy hedonic needs seem to be chosen without planning and remember an impulse buying event as can be witnessed like 50% of the buyers.Consumers are driven to hedonic shopping experiences by new fashion styl es and brand image salience, which in turn motivates fashion- orientated impulse buying behavior. On the other hand, people who are rational in their decisions and finalize their action after going through all pros and cons. * Consumer Involvement * Motivation vestments is referred to as specialty good since consumers often make the crusade of seeking out the garment that they require. Motivational need can be both utilitarian and hedonic. The end state that the consumer has the intention to reach is the goal.How urgent the consumer wants to reduce the need depends on whether the need is hedonic or utilitarian, this is called the consumers drive. One sign of a need is a persons want, which is created by a combination of cultural and personal factors. These statistics project the motifal elements which encourage a consumer to make a purchase. The most prominent motivator is an occasion or event which motivates 43% of the targeted sample. While, 20% are for Friends and 20% for fam ily suggestions. Celebrity styles and icons attract and motivate 17% of our audience.Fashion-oriented impulse buying happens when consumers find a new fashion product and buy it due to the motivation to buy new products products they did not plan on buying. here(predicate) we can see the level of motivation and the elements which influences a person to make a purchase. 40% are the impulse buyers who immediately opt for purchase with the product and the internal drive. The other major category observed in our survey was that of people who are motivated with advice of friends and family. This 46% require someone to support their choice.Two small classes of 7% being those who washed-out more tie and opt to search for further alternatives or more information about the period before making a purchase. * Motivational Conflict Approach-Approach According to our survey results, consumers often face Approch-Approch conflict when they have to choose between two dresses speak toing them at the same level. Approach-Avoidance Another conflict of Approach-Avoidance also exists when a design attracts to a consumer at a designer shop but meanwhile price element restricts a particular customer. Level of Involvement Inertia Inertia basically describes the low level of amour towards the chosen product that either the consumer is willing to pay an effort before purchase or not? In fashion industry, according to our survey some respondents level of involvement was low because they just go to any shop strongly use their heuristics and mental short cuts to buy apparel. Cult The second concept which also prevails in the fashion industry is that, a part of consumers level of involvement is also very high in terms of shopping clothes.Because they put a lot of proceeding in choosing and purchasing outfit having a feel of passion and consider their apparel as a symbol of their individual nature. * Need Theory writ of execution * Self Concept * Self Concept When clothes leave the f ramework they are except garments. It is not until the marketers get hold of them that they become fashion. Clothing and accessories express how we feel, how we see ourselves and how we wish to be conceived by others. When we buy clothes we buy an identity. Fashion constitutes an important societal part of the individuals well-being.Through the right choice of clothing it is possible for an individual to improve his or her self-esteem and acceptance by other people. Identities and social roles appear through peoples choice of clothing and accessories. Clothes function as symbols that indicate status, gender, social group allegiance and genius. Fashion is a way of expressing oneself and it says a lot about the person. * fondness Clothes shopping is considered to be more attractive. It is a break from the normal routine and it is an probability for fantasy and self-expression.What we wear is a complete expression of who we are. The appearance is the first indicator of personality to be judged. We portray ourselves what we fantasize about our own personality following our ideals through our accessories, our choice of movies, the interior of our house and most prominently our attire. We judged from our sample that majority of our sample portrays themselves to be decent yet fashionable being 54% of the whole sample depicting a major part of our culture. Secondly, 30% fashion consumers tend to portray themselves to be lively and energetic.Some 14% try to explicitly present themselves as an open personality and extrovert. A few demonstrate themselves to be shy and submissive. Its not enough to be fashionable-one wishes to appear intelligent as well. * Gender Orientation Modern marketing has relied on gender to help understand and explain consumers and their behavior. Women see clothes as a mean for self-identity, whereas men focus more on utilitarian benefits. Women see shopping as something recreational, it is important to emphasize the hedonic and experientia l attributes of shopping.Women spend twice as long time in a shop as men and the typical window-shopper is a woman. Men and women think differently, and these gender-specific brain differences show a significant effect on how the individual absorb, process and hold back information. The following Pivot Table exhibits the intercourse of gender with the style they follow for their purchase with a graphical representation which is buy fooded from our Online Facebook survey. Values Row Labels Sum of young-begetting(prenominal) Sum of Female Casual 4 8 Celebrity 0 1 courtly 4 3 Present day 3 12 eminent Total 11 24 Another Pivot Table is extracted from our survey which depicts the relation of gender with the inclination of consumer towards Price or Style conscious personality. Values Row Labels Sum of Male Sum of Female Price Conscious 7 9 Style Conscious 4 15 Grand Total 11 24 Men dont buy fashion they buy clothes Men are comparatively less educate consumers of fashion tha n women. * Extended Self Fashion is an extension of self and expression of individuality every last(predicate) the possessions of a person add an extra glamour to the personality.These can be the clothes, accessories, cell phones or your jewelery which adds an extra charm to what you idealize and portray about your personality. This extract shows the inclination of people towards various categories to embrace an additional appeal to their personality. This is clearly visible that clothes and shoes are the possessions that exhibits glamour and is the centre of attention for most of the youngsters being 37% each. While 14% go for jewelery, 6% for glasses, 6% for wrist watches and 7% opt for mobile phones as their charming accessory. Personality & elect Product MatchYour perception towards fashion is what you personality is regarding this particular field. This graphical representation clearly demonstrates the personality of our target youngsters in terms of fashion trends and their o wn self. blue looks and Maturity is the dominant trait occupying 34%. * Product symbolism The Fashion Pyramid * Freudian Theory (diagram interpretation) Id = Brain attack , Superego = Heart attack, Ego = A balance with heart on one and brain on the other side) (landscape) * Trait theory Various distinct traits are associated with different fields of life projected by the consumer of that particular segment.Likewise many traits are associated with fashion industry and consumers monitoring and following the changing trends. For instance, it is suggested that people who are more communally oriented (a female trait) will enjoy shopping more because of their mental identification with the communal nature of the task. * Product congruity & Consumer Lifestyle Loyal customers spend more each shopping trip, and are more time-conscious. Our clothes are often an expression of our spirit and character, so there is nothing wrong with finding a look that suits you and relying on it.Here the q uestion is do consumers calibrate their press to better illustrate their present mood & personality to therefore show overall congruence and harmony? Well, a direct relation exists between the clothing you choose to wear and your overall personality in terms of congruency. According to our one of the consumers view, I have noticed that when I am feeling very energetic, and very outgoing, I will pick out clothing from my closet that resembles my mood loud, and vibrant. xanthous t-shirts, red watch, etc. Meanwhile, other times, when Im n a mellower and laid back mood, I will wear more toned go through clothing, sometimes just a black tee-shirt and jeans. Fashion is based on creating a need, where in reality, there is none. Fashion is a factory that manufactures desire. Pre occupation with fashion reveals a level of insecurity. Its like they are confused about being judged. People obsessed with fashion feel that if theyve changed their look, theyve also evolved emotionally. They l ive in a state of being extremely conscious about their appearance. * Decision Making * Heuristics * Shopping Atmosphere * Post Purchase Satisfaction Product electric pig The product disposal is an important issue to be discussed as we keep on adding accessories to our wardrobe and stuff it with articles. It is essential to know what consumers opt for after It is deducted that 75% people give their clothes to others which is a good indication of society. While 19% stuff it forever even if not in use. On the other hand. 6% completely destroy them. * Risks associated with new trends The elements of fashion not liked by the target youngsters can backfire and become a risk for the Fashion Brands. As, The fashion industry is the ultimate fashion victim different Risks include Chapter 5 Extract Chapter 6 Attachments Survey Questionnaire Fashion Trends in Pakistan I am a student of MBIT from IBIT, PU and this questionnaire is purely for research blueprint and the information you provide help me gain better understanding of Changing Fashion Trends in Pakistan. The success of this research depends on honest answers so I assure that your response will be kept confidential. Tick the answer you prefer. SECTION 1 YOU C. Occupation? a) Student b) Job c) Business d) Other, Please congeal ___________ 1. A. Age? a) 15-20 b) 21-25 c) 26-30 d) 31-35D. Gender? a) Male b) Female B. Family Monthly Income? e) 15000-25000 f) 26000-35000 g) 36000-50000 h) Above 50000 E. How are you feeling today? c) happy c) excited d) sad d) depressed SECTION 2 YOUR FASHION 1. Fashion to you is a) Looking cool and hipc) Comfort ability b) Looking sober and matured) A way to express my inner self 2. Which current fashion trend you love the most? _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Which fashion trend you hate the most? ______________________________________________________________________ 4. c) Present day fashion ) Celebrity Which fashion style/trend do you ten d to follow when you purchase clothes? a) Formal b) Casual 5. Who is your ideal fashion personality? _____________________________ 6. What does your clothing portray about your personality a) Open Personalityb) incertain person c) Hip Hop d) Decent e) Lively f) Bold 7. Which of your accessories adds glamour to your overall personality? a) Clothingb) Mobile phone c) Jewelry d) Shoes e) Wrist watches f) specs 8. What influences you the most when you buy clothes? a) Ongoing Trendsb) Designer/Brand c)Celebrity d) Pricee) Advertisementsf) Friends 9.How much are you willing to spend on one item of clothing from a new trend of fashion? a)1000-2000 b)2000-5000 c)5000-10000d)10000 & above 10. What would encourage you to try out new fashion and style? a) Celebritys Styleb) Friends proffer c) Familys Suggestiond) An Occasion 11. What do you mostly dislike about fashion? a) Changes quicklyb) Expensive c) not suitable d) Turns into a craze 12. What is the most recently added item to your acc essories? ____________________________ 13. Does a new trend influence your wardrobe? a) Yes b) Noc)Oftend) Rarely 14. Do you readily contract new trends? ) Yes b) Noc)Oftend) Rarely 15. How do you judge a fabric? a)Touchb) Viewc) Brand named) Fabric name 16. Are your purchases? c) Plannedb) Immediate 17. What is your action when a dress or an accessory attracts you? d) Immediately buyc) Consult a friend or family member e) Search for alternativesd) Search for more information 18. Which kinds of shopping destination you buy most of your clothes from? a) Super markets and shopping mallsc) Fashion shows and exhibitions b) Designer boutiques & Brandsd) Bazaars 19. What are your cultural preferences in fashion? a) Family culturec)Western culture ) Regional cultured) A combination of trends from multiple cultures 20. What do you do after your purchase? i) When satisfied a) Refer others b) sprightliness achievement c) Repeat purchases from the same place ii) When dissatisfied a) Feel an gry b)Tell others to avoid c) neer visit the same place 21. How do you dispose of your clothes a) Keep the item b) Destroy c) Give it to others to use 22. What would you mostly like to see in an advertisement? a) Pictures of the shop and locationc) Products available b) Information about the designer d) All the above 3. Which medium do you trust for your purchases? a) Magazinesd)Fashion Shows & Exhibitions b) Billboardse) TV Commercials c) Online Sources Moderator Guide I land you all very much for helping us and move in our project research. What we are conducting is called a focus group. It is mainly a form of discussion among all of you on our research topic. You can agree, disagree on any point or you can just provide with a comment. You can also propose any new idea regarding the subject and you can freely express your views and opinions. This is just like a routine lounge talk.We request you to convey your point clearly and if possible one at a time to save from any confus ion or misunderstanding. If any questions regarding the format of the focus group, you can ask ? Now, Il explain the topic, we are here to discuss. That is The Changing Fashion Trends in Pakistan. Everybody today, is somehow associated with fashion either in favor or against. . Similarly, you all must be used to of decorating your wardrobe with latest fashion articles. Most of you would be used to of visiting various bazaars and malls for your clothing needs. And must be having your views and suggestions for this very industry.We are going to talk about the same. sooner we start, if any one have any queries. Please do ask? Now friends , Well live with our discussion Warm Up Questions- 1. How much time do you spare for your leisure activities? 2. How much time in a month do you spent on shopping? 3. Do you consider shopping a source of entertainment? Specific Questions- Current Scenario of Audience 4. Do you visit exhibitions for your purchases? 5. Do you consider fashion shows a source of latest updates for your fashion? 6. may I ask about your favorite places to shop? 7. What is your recently added item in your clothing? 8.Are you price conscious or style conscious? intellect of Failure 9. What do you think is the main content of our Pakistani fashion currently being promoted? 10. What is that one factor that stops you from adopting a fashion trend? 11. In your opinion, what is the one major difference between ordinary and designer brand items? 12. When I speak of Fashion, What picture comes to your mind? 13. Now, what if the same product is being sold in a local and a designer brand, Which one youll prefer to buy? Why? I am really thankful to you all for this valuable effort and specially your time. Bibliography Solomon, M. R. Consumer Behavior.Fashion TrendsFashion Trends of Youth in Pakistan Consumer Behavior Chapter 1 Introduction * Fashion Its not just an outfit that is the offer of fashion. Rather it resides in every corner of the present landscape . Our mobile phones, our cars, our kitchens, our choice of media, the places where meet our friends- all add to the meaning of fashion. Its not enough to wear the clothes, you have to don the lifestyle too. Fashion is a conceptual term though it covers almost all aspects of our daily life.Dress is very important facet of our personality and fashion in our dress and clothes have taken its step towards international market. The retail and wholesale sector in Pakistan was worth about $40 billion in fiscal year 2012, and has been growing at 5. 3% in real (inflation-adjusted) terms for the past five years, much faster than overall economic growth during that period. Parallel to this trend in consumerism,Digital Marketing in Pakistan has also been on the rise which has resulted in theFashion Industry (specifically formal and informal lawn brands), fast accepting this unique phenomenon.Also, with the Ramazan on the go Eid approaching in the near future and summers near their destined end, many new clothing brands have gone active and are advertising their Eid collection and Summer Sales on Facebook vigorously. So much so, that as per my calculations, one in every ten recommendations/sponsored stories or ads I see, are related to a clothing brand. Whether it be established brands like Kayseria, Khaadiand Gul Ahmed, or newly launched premium brands like Sana Safinaz or Asim Jofa, or relatively smaller designer names like Rang Ja, The Working Woman, Mariam Aziz and Echo ll can be found actively on Facebook. Fashion industry of Pakistan has made quite a lot of progress in just a few years. Ten to fifteen years from now, this industry was still unknown to actually exist to the masses. Late with the formation of fashion councils and education centers under the enthusiastic few who wanted to make a difference and promulgate this very institution of fashion, * Quick glance at fashion back in TIME The Swinging 60s The focus of the time was on fittings. Bell bottoms, hair piec es, narrow fitted shirts, narrow dupattas, heavy eye makeup for girls and side burns for men was order of the time.People in those times took influence from the actors whom they idealized. The Political 70s In 70s the political times changed. People turned towards patriotism. Cotton came in vogue and people were seen in loose kurtas called Awami Suits and Saris. The Materialistic 80s The 80s emerged from the drabness of the 70s and ushered in disco, glitz and glamour. People were indulged in their material instincts. In Pakistan, loose was in and tight was out. Glitter and glitz was trendy and simplicity took a back seat. Back To The East With 90s It was a time for the rival of our culture.Traditional costumes made a comeback. A lot of embroidery, gharara, Sheirwani and Paishwaz were seen. Everyone wanted to look sleek and thin. The New Millennium The Y2K The year 2000 came with a bang moving people towards hi-tech and fast-paced living. The clothes too have become more streamlined and structured. The defined boundaries of eastern and western fashion have collapsed people wear no fuss Chinese trousers, cargo pants, iron easy cloth and manageable preferably short hair. Fusion is the call of this time * Interview with designers Maria BFashion is an extension of self ,an ___expression of individuality, of art and modernism- It has no borders or divides- Its passion and It is the constant evolution of society. Fashion is a form of ___expression on an individual as well as a social levelThe general shift in Pakistan thank God is towards intelligent broad-minded ideas and its now starting to reflect in the way that people are dressing up HSY Fashion for me is your sense of living. Its not only about dress, but its about you and what you live with. It can be your values and ethics, it can be everything around you. Nida aliI think the average customer is price conscious, style conscious, trend conscious and the element of brand consciousness comes right at the end. Ch apter 2 The Consumer Segmentation & Targeting In a broader view and unbiased analysis, the Pakistani fashion industry has certainly played a very constructive and optimistic role in building the fashion sense and fashion trends amongst all the age groups The target we have selected to conduct a survey on the changing trends in fashion scenario is a combination of both the genders from the age range of 15 to 35 years of age regardless of any income bracket from the educated community.This range can be justified with the projection of the following statistics. The income ranges depict that our target market is almost equally from all income groups and people do follow fashion regardless of income brackets in one way or the other. Our target market of research comprises of a major chunk from the age range of 21 to 25 years being 76%. While having smaller portions of age 15-20 and 26-30 with sizes of 14% and 10% respectively. The youth mainly the fashion seekers and followers are in the continuation of their education period.As, this is the age when fashion becomes a craze for them. 63% females are fashion conscious willing to participate in a fashion survey while 37% are from the male category of consumers. * Media of Approach The fashion consumer of today is constantly bombarded with different types of stimuli in different forms of advertising. Todays fashion consumer is more sophisticated and demanding than the consumer of the past. Looking at history, fashion runways and fashion shows have been the biggest inspirations for the fashion industry.We have assessed from these facts that regardless of the rapid growth in new mediums of information search like online sources of 13%, The traditional media is still more trustworthy for the consumer to attain the information they require for their shopping like Fashion shows & Exhibitions having 20%, Fashion Magazines 24%, TV Commercials 40% and Billboards 10% chunk respectively. Fashion magazines are an extension of th e marketing departments of large fashion companies. For a designer, the fashion show is a way to broadcast ideas. It is a medium. The growing Online trend The growing trend of online queries and locating stores, if not e-purchases, have also seen a tremendous rise which is understandable consideringfemales make up 31% of Pakistans Facebook population of almost 7 Million and the age group from 18-34 years makes 76% of the said population. These stats quite clearly infer thatDigital has most certainly become an effective medium oftransforminginformation and communicating with this industrys target group. In addition to the remarkable customer service most of the fashion brands inPakistan are providing online, it is worthy to note that digital media has leveled the playing field for all brands, irrespective of their sizes. It has given all sorts of brands the leverage to promote themselves and explore social media marketing for their advantage, especially if traditional mediums like bi llboards, print ads, TVCs etc are out of budget. This graph represents the presence of facebook fans of various brands locally in Pakistan and worldwide as well. The appreciation of facebook and other social media networks as a tool of marketing is growing very rapidly in a very short time among our young generation.Considering these statistics, we can appraise the standing of these various brand among the consumers and their level of appreciation in the market. Keeping these stats and trends in mind, one can evidently conclude that digital and eventually mobile marketing has an immense potential for the Fashion Industry. If the growth trends continue to move in the same direction and at a similar pace, there should certainly be no stopping social media marketing from making brands re-allocatetheir budgets from traditional to online mediums. Chapter 3 Market Research * Problem StatementHow does the behavior of a fashion consumer changes with upcoming fashion trends? * Research Metho ds * Questionnaire We have gathered information from our target market with 30 questionnaires duly filled by the prospects from our target market at various places with different set of ideals for a broader perspective and analyzed the results. The questionnaire is attached. * Focus Group We conducted a focus group of 8 attendees from our target market and concluded healthy discussion on the concerned issue. The moderator guide of the focus group is attached at the end. Online Focus Group on FaceBook We have conducted a focus group online through the platform of facebook as we do realize that the major chunk of our target study is active on social media networks. * Interviews Our search also consists of the interviews from the fashion industry to gather an over view about fashion from the producers of this wave. * Mall Intercepts We have visited quite a few stores, brand outlets and malls surveying for practical encounters and recorded the views of some consumers in video and others in writing.Our surveys destinations included Suzy, Shirt & Tie Shop, Hyperstar at Fortress Stadium while some interviews were conducted on the streets there. * Boutique Survey We also encountered the people running those boutiques and assessed their perceptions briefly. Chapter 4 Consumer Behavior Consumer behavior is deeply influenced by the demographics and household structures, needs, emotions, values and personality, group influences, information processing and decision making along with purchase behavior. Consumers are becoming more demanding, which is forcing fashion retailers to provide the right product at the right time.Information and trends are moving around the globe at high speed, resulting in more options and thus the consumers shop more often. The consumers need for uniqueness forces fashion retailers to constantly renew their styles. * Culture In case of cultural preferences, we often see people with different style statements living in the same area or same people having same appearances living at areas with vast distances. This is a fact which projects the importance of presence of culture in our lives which we tend to follow in almost all walks of our life.The most followed culture is equally distributed among regional and family preferences with the health of 37% each. Most of the population tend to follow what is being pursued in their region for ages, for instance, in Pakistan, with many differences in lifestyle, we all still follow some basic similar values. On the other hand, if we take Family culture into account, it refers to the values we share with our family, the way we present ourselves based on our family background, living standards and lifestyle. 19% incorporate multiple cultures in their attire and appearance while 4% opts for Western style of dressing.Social Class Fashion reflects our society and our culture. likewise it reflects how people define themselves People tend to follow what is in and what is the wave of the presen t current in fashion. 44% of our participants from consumer market are inclined towards the ongoing trends, while another major chunk is attracted towards the designer cuts or brand for their choice of attire. Former categories comprise of the majority while small parts of the market follow Celebrity with 6%, 6% towards price, 6% of advertisements while 10% people go for friends advise and attire. * Consumer Behavior Model Involvement of senses (Touch, sight) When we judge the quality of an apparel, the foremost concern for the consumer is the quality of the product which is preferred by 50% even for the youngsters who do not really care for the long life of the products. Some follow View of the fabric and its name share the same standing of 17% while a greater appreciation of Brand name of 24%. * Personal Selection Factors * Hedonic consumption Value of a garment is being defined as an interactive partiality experience, and distinguishes a persons experience of interacting with an object or event.Enjoyable experiences in a store reflect different types of hedonic values. Values are defined as consumer behavior that regards the emotional and fantasy aspect of consumers interactions with products. Comparing to its utilitarian counterpart, the hedonic shopping value is more personal and associated with playfulness and fun. For instance, it is fairly common that people shop for both utilitarian and hedonic grounds, as well as a positive mood can come from consumers following either type of shopping. A reason for consumers to go shopping can also be the possibility to socialize with their friends.An individuals set of values is very important regarding consumption activities. Many purchases are made because consumers think that purchasing products will result in reaching value-related goals. Shopping for clothes is considered recreational, satisfying and rewarding. Impulse buying is important to fulfill hedonic desires. There is an evident link between impulse buy ing behavior and hedonic shopping. Clothes purchased to satisfy hedonic needs seem to be chosen without planning and characterize an impulse buying event as can be witnessed like 50% of the buyers.Consumers are driven to hedonic shopping experiences by new fashion styles and brand image salience, which in turn motivates fashion-oriented impulse buying behavior. On the other hand, people who are rational in their decisions and finalize their action after going through all pros and cons. * Consumer Involvement * Motivation Clothing is referred to as specialty good since consumers often make the effort of seeking out the garment that they require. Motivational need can be both utilitarian and hedonic. The end state that the consumer has the intention to reach is the goal.How urgent the consumer wants to reduce the need depends on whether the need is hedonic or utilitarian, this is called the consumers drive. One indication of a need is a persons want, which is created by a combination of cultural and personal factors. These statistics project the motivational elements which encourage a consumer to make a purchase. The most prominent motivator is an occasion or event which motivates 43% of the targeted sample. While, 20% are for Friends and 20% for family suggestions. Celebrity styles and icons attract and motivate 17% of our audience.Fashion-oriented impulse buying happens when consumers find a new fashion product and buy it due to the motivation to buy new products products they did not plan on buying. Here we can see the level of motivation and the elements which influences a person to make a purchase. 40% are the impulse buyers who immediately opt for purchase with the product and the internal drive. The other major category observed in our survey was that of people who are motivated with advice of friends and family. This 46% require someone to support their choice.Two small classes of 7% being those who spent more tie and opt to search for further alternativ es or more information about the item before making a purchase. * Motivational Conflict Approach-Approach According to our survey results, consumers often face Approch-Approch conflict when they have to choose between two dresses appealing them at the same level. Approach-Avoidance Another conflict of Approach-Avoidance also exists when a design attracts to a consumer at a designer shop but meanwhile price element restricts a particular customer. Level of Involvement Inertia Inertia basically describes the low level of involvement towards the chosen product that either the consumer is willing to pay an effort before purchase or not? In fashion industry, according to our survey some respondents level of involvement was low because they just go to any shop strongly use their heuristics and mental short cuts to buy apparel. Cult The second concept which also prevails in the fashion industry is that, a part of consumers level of involvement is also very high in terms of shopping clothes .Because they put a lot of exertion in choosing and purchasing outfit having a feel of passion and consider their apparel as a symbol of their individual personality. * Need Theory Implementation * Self Concept * Self Concept When clothes leave the fabric they are merely garments. It is not until the marketers get hold of them that they become fashion. Clothing and accessories express how we feel, how we see ourselves and how we wish to be conceived by others. When we buy clothes we buy an identity. Fashion constitutes an important societal part of the individuals well-being.Through the right choice of clothing it is possible for an individual to improve his or her self-esteem and acceptance by other people. Identities and social roles appear through peoples choice of clothing and accessories. Clothes function as symbols that indicate status, gender, social group allegiance and personality. Fashion is a way of expressing oneself and it says a lot about the person. * Fantasy Clothes shopping is considered to be more attractive. It is a break from the normal routine and it is an opportunity for fantasy and self-expression.What we wear is a complete expression of who we are. The appearance is the first indicator of personality to be judged. We portray ourselves what we fantasize about our own personality following our ideals through our accessories, our choice of movies, the interior of our house and most prominently our attire. We judged from our sample that majority of our sample portrays themselves to be decent yet fashionable being 54% of the whole sample depicting a major part of our culture. Secondly, 30% fashion consumers tend to portray themselves to be lively and energetic.Some 14% try to explicitly present themselves as an open personality and extrovert. A few demonstrate themselves to be shy and submissive. Its not enough to be fashionable-one wishes to appear intelligent as well. * Gender Orientation Modern marketing has relied on gender to help under stand and explain consumers and their behavior. Women see clothes as a mean for self-identity, whereas men focus more on functional benefits. Women see shopping as something recreational, it is important to emphasize the hedonic and experiential attributes of shopping.Women spend twice as long time in a shop as men and the typical window-shopper is a woman. Men and women think differently, and these gender-specific brain differences show a significant effect on how the individual absorb, process and retain information. The following Pivot Table exhibits the relation of gender with the style they follow for their purchase with a graphical representation which is extracted from our Online Facebook survey. Values Row Labels Sum of Male Sum of Female Casual 4 8 Celebrity 0 1 Formal 4 3 Present day 3 12 Grand Total 11 24 Another Pivot Table is extracted from our survey which depicts the relation of gender with the inclination of consumer towards Price or Style conscious personality. Values Row Labels Sum of Male Sum of Female Price Conscious 7 9 Style Conscious 4 15 Grand Total 11 24 Men dont buy fashion they buy clothes Men are comparatively less sophisticated consumers of fashion than women. * Extended Self Fashion is an extension of self and expression of individuality All the possessions of a person add an extra glamour to the personality.These can be the clothes, accessories, cell phones or your jewelery which adds an extra charm to what you idealize and portray about your personality. This extract shows the inclination of people towards various categories to embrace an additional appeal to their personality. This is clearly visible that clothes and shoes are the possessions that exhibits glamour and is the centre of attention for most of the youngsters being 37% each. While 14% go for jewelery, 6% for glasses, 6% for wrist watches and 7% opt for mobile phones as their charming accessory. Personality & Chosen Product MatchYour perception towards fashio n is what you personality is regarding this particular field. This graphical representation clearly demonstrates the personality of our target youngsters in terms of fashion trends and their own self. Sober looks and Maturity is the dominant trait occupying 34%. * Product symbolization The Fashion Pyramid * Freudian Theory (diagram interpretation) Id = Brain attack , Superego = Heart attack, Ego = A balance with heart on one and brain on the other side) (landscape) * Trait theory Various distinct traits are associated with different fields of life projected by the consumer of that particular segment.Likewise many traits are associated with fashion industry and consumers monitoring and following the changing trends. For instance, it is suggested that people who are more communally oriented (a female trait) will enjoy shopping more because of their psychological identification with the communal nature of the task. * Product congruence & Consumer Lifestyle Loyal customers spend more ea ch shopping trip, and are more time-conscious. Our clothes are often an expression of our spirit and character, so there is nothing wrong with finding a look that suits you and relying on it.Here the question is do consumers calibrate their wardrobe to better illustrate their present mood & personality to therefore show overall congruence and harmony? Well, a direct relation exists between the clothing you choose to wear and your overall personality in terms of congruency. According to our one of the consumers view, I have noticed that when I am feeling very energetic, and very outgoing, I will pick out clothing from my closet that resembles my mood loud, and vibrant. Yellow t-shirts, red watch, etc. Meanwhile, other times, when Im n a mellower and laid back mood, I will wear more toned down clothing, sometimes just a black tee-shirt and jeans. Fashion is based on creating a need, where in reality, there is none. Fashion is a factory that manufactures desire. Pre occupation with fa shion reveals a level of insecurity. Its like they are worried about being judged. People obsessed with fashion feel that if theyve changed their look, theyve also evolved emotionally. They live in a state of being extremely conscious about their appearance. * Decision Making * Heuristics * Shopping Atmosphere * Post Purchase Satisfaction Product Disposal The product disposal is an important issue to be discussed as we keep on adding accessories to our wardrobe and stuff it with articles. It is essential to know what consumers opt for after It is deducted that 75% people give their clothes to others which is a good indication of society. While 19% stuff it forever even if not in use. On the other hand. 6% completely destroy them. * Risks associated with new trends The elements of fashion not liked by the target youngsters can backfire and become a risk for the Fashion Brands. As, The fashion industry is the ultimate fashion victimOther Risks include Chapter 5 Extract Chapter 6 Attac hments Survey Questionnaire Fashion Trends in Pakistan I am a student of MBIT from IBIT, PU and this questionnaire is purely for research purpose and the information you provide help me gain better understanding of Changing Fashion Trends in Pakistan. The success of this research depends on honest answers so I assure that your response will be kept confidential. Tick the answer you prefer. SECTION 1 YOU C. Occupation? a) Student b) Job c) Business d) Other, Please Specify ___________ 1. A. Age? a) 15-20 b) 21-25 c) 26-30 d) 31-35D. Gender? a) Male b) Female B. Family Monthly Income? e) 15000-25000 f) 26000-35000 g) 36000-50000 h) Above 50000 E. How are you feeling today? c) happy c) excited d) sad d) depressed SECTION 2 YOUR FASHION 1. Fashion to you is a) Looking cool and hipc) Comfort ability b) Looking sober and matured) A way to express my inner self 2. Which current fashion trend you love the most? _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Which f ashion trend you hate the most? ______________________________________________________________________ 4. c) Present day fashion ) Celebrity Which fashion style/trend do you tend to follow when you purchase clothes? a) Formal b) Casual 5. Who is your ideal fashion personality? _____________________________ 6. What does your clothing portray about your personality a) Open Personalityb) Shy person c) Hip Hop d) Decent e) Lively f) Bold 7. Which of your accessories adds glamour to your overall personality? a) Clothingb) Mobile phone c) Jewelry d) Shoes e) Wrist watches f) Glasses 8. What influences you the most when you buy clothes? a) Ongoing Trendsb) Designer/Brand c)Celebrity d) Pricee) Advertisementsf) Friends 9.How much are you willing to spend on one item of clothing from a new trend of fashion? a)1000-2000 b)2000-5000 c)5000-10000d)10000 & above 10. What would encourage you to try out new fashion and style? a) Celebritys Styleb) Friends Suggestion c) Familys Suggestiond) An Occa sion 11. What do you mostly dislike about fashion? a) Changes quicklyb) Expensive c) Not suitable d) Turns into a craze 12. What is the most recently added item to your accessories? ____________________________ 13. Does a new trend influence your wardrobe? a) Yes b) Noc)Oftend) Rarely 14. Do you readily adopt new trends? ) Yes b) Noc)Oftend) Rarely 15. How do you judge a fabric? a)Touchb) Viewc) Brand named) Fabric name 16. Are your purchases? c) Plannedb) Immediate 17. What is your action when a dress or an accessory attracts you? d) Immediately buyc) Consult a friend or family member e) Search for alternativesd) Search for more information 18. Which kinds of shopping destination you buy most of your clothes from? a) Super markets and shopping mallsc) Fashion shows and exhibitions b) Designer boutiques & Brandsd) Bazaars 19. What are your cultural preferences in fashion? a) Family culturec)Western culture ) Regional cultured) A combination of trends from multiple cultures 20. Wha t do you do after your purchase? i) When satisfied a) Refer others b) Feel achievement c) Repeat purchases from the same place ii) When dissatisfied a) Feel angry b)Tell others to avoid c) Never visit the same place 21. How do you dispose of your clothes a) Keep the item b) Destroy c) Give it to others to use 22. What would you mostly like to see in an advertisement? a) Pictures of the shop and locationc) Products available b) Information about the designer d) All the above 3. Which medium do you trust for your purchases? a) Magazinesd)Fashion Shows & Exhibitions b) Billboardse) TV Commercials c) Online Sources Moderator Guide I Thank you all very much for helping us and participating in our project research. What we are conducting is called a focus group. It is mainly a form of discussion among all of you on our research topic. You can agree, disagree on any point or you can just provide with a comment. You can also propose any new idea regarding the subject and you can freely expr ess your views and opinions. This is just like a routine lounge talk.We request you to convey your point clearly and if possible one at a time to save from any confusion or misunderstanding. If any questions regarding the format of the focus group, you can ask ? Now, Il explain the topic, we are here to discuss. That is The Changing Fashion Trends in Pakistan. Everybody today, is somehow associated with fashion either in favor or against. . Similarly, you all must be used to of decorating your wardrobe with latest fashion articles. Most of you would be used to of visiting various bazaars and malls for your clothing needs. And must be having your views and suggestions for this very industry.We are going to talk about the same. Before we start, if any one have any queries. Please do ask? Now friends , Well continue with our discussion Warm Up Questions- 1. How much time do you spare for your leisure activities? 2. How much time in a month do you spent on shopping? 3. Do you consider s hopping a source of entertainment? Specific Questions- Current Scenario of Audience 4. Do you visit exhibitions for your purchases? 5. Do you consider fashion shows a source of latest updates for your fashion? 6. May I ask about your favorite places to shop? 7. What is your recently added item in your clothing? 8.Are you price conscious or style conscious? Reason of Failure 9. What do you think is the main content of our Pakistani fashion currently being promoted? 10. What is that one factor that stops you from adopting a fashion trend? 11. In your opinion, what is the one major difference between ordinary and designer brand items? 12. When I speak of Fashion, What picture comes to your mind? 13. Now, what if the same product is being sold in a local and a designer brand, Which one youll prefer to buy? Why? I am really thankful to you all for this valuable effort and specially your time. Bibliography Solomon, M. R. Consumer Behavior.

Aristotle and Plato Essay

One of the greatest philosophers of all time was a man named Aristotle, the ancient greek philosopher. He was often influenced every argona of conceptual modern thinking. His mind set was in terms of materialism, which he essentially viewed substance on Earth before ideas and qualities. He unfeignedly believed in the nonion of analyzing compounds and characteristics of flock and their actions. Aristotle, who was a student of Plato, believed in faithfulness of character and thought, which means that virtue results from teaching, experience, and habits rather than Platos majestic-mindedness notions of ideas and qualities (pg.265-266).He believed that peoples noble actions would lead to virtue and that all things in life had an end. That all ends must result in something good, an example would be an acorn, the end of an acorn would be an acorn tree. Aristotle believed that it was inevitable for humans to obtain happiness over a course of time and that this was the end for a human being. He believed that in order to be inoffensive, one must first avoid temperance and deficiency. Aristotle also claims that justice corporation mean both lawfulness and fairness or injustice can buoy mean unlawfulness and unfairness.His notion was that the law encouraged people to pursue virtue, therefore, the lawful person would result to being virtuous. In essence, he claims that people who pursue virtue testament be just and those who do not pursue virtue leave alone be unjust. He believed that sensory intuitions in the human soul are reflections of objects, and thoughts in consciousness are based on what we squander already seen. Plato believed that the average person could not see the truth, therefore, the noble lie was essential to rule people to pursue their natural form or task.A simple ascetic city with the notion of everyone having natural abilities to do a certain agate line was justice for Plato. In contrast, Aristotle, did not believe that humans had access to these perfect forms in their minds as a way to reach justice and the perfect city. He argues that justice is a complete virtue when exercising virtue in relation to others and that it requires intellectual virtue. That a virtuous person should pursue the most loving and happy life, which is the philosophical life of contemplation and speculation.The highest good for Aristotle is the end of a human, which is gained through virtuous action over their course of a life time. In order to live a life of virtue fit in to Aristotle, one must find the mean or good actions, which finding the mean is virtuous actions. By exercising virtue in relations to others is a good thing that will lead to a virtuous happy life and this will inevitably lead to an end of a human being, which is happiness. He was not a hedonist, his highest good reflected on reason, virtue, and experience that gains practical wisdom and that people deal from mistakes.This notion of a human gaining happiness by living a virtuous life reflects on his notion of a content golf-club. Aristotles perception of justice was similar to Platos in the way that virtue related to both temperance and courage, but in all other aspects they were completely in contrast. Virtue consisted of habits and making right choices for the individual to be just, according to Aristotle. Virtue of temperance and courage causes people to be in a good res publica and to perform their functions well (pg. 269). at that placefore, in order to acquire justice in Aristotles perception, virtue would have to take place within the individuals state of character and reason for the whole in order to pursue virtue. Equality being about justice and exercising freedom was permissible according to Aristotle. He was really about diversity, but not a feminist, he clearly reduced the womens roles in society, which was normal due to an era of sexism. There where three forms of happiness according to Aristotle- a life of pleasure and enjoyment , a life of free and responsibility, and a life as a thinker and philosopher.He rejected the imbalance of these premises and it was essential in human relationships. Therefore, finding the mean and his example of not to be cowardly or impulsive, but courageous. Aristotle believed in the mixture of constitutions, which means that if you mix oligarchy and land, which would be essentially polity bringing a large tenderness sort out, then there can be more equality and justice among the citizens (pg. 403). He described democracy as a form of government that would overthrow the rich. Therefore, where the poor are predominant, there will be democracy.Hes implying that there is a better way modern way to conduct a government where the people are not ruled by a monarch or tyranny. This means that if you rely on one type of constitution, then it would inevitably lead to depravity by changing into a bad constitution. An example would be if monarchy was established, then it would lead to ty ranny or aristocracy to oligarchy. Aristotles notion was that in order to have equality, then a mixture of constitutions was necessary for justice. He he elaborates on constitutions, he is indicating the system of government that should be established.This relates to virtue because in order to be virtuous depravity must be impermissible and having a mixture of constitutions brings a balance to good. He advocates on having a massive middle class would be essential in order to have a balance of equality and fairness. He supports on having this large middle class because it will genuinely bring a balance in society and impact on politics according to Aristotle. The virtue of justice belongs to the city, a self-determination of what is just. He advocates on the art of acquisition that wealth should have a limit.He does not seem to like people who are upset with moneymaking. He emphasized on that a democracy was essentially the worse type of government just as a tyranny. If there is no l arge middle class, then democracy denounces to rule by the poor and Aristotle believed that it should be the rule of everyone or the many. Therefore, the mixture of democracy and oligarchy was essential to Aristotle for the sake of polity. Being a just person can lead to a life of virtue, which is acquired by noble actions and experience, in contrast with Platos ideology of perfect forms in the human mind being to move up and delusional.However, Aristotles notion is to pursue a virtuous life by making right choices and learning from mistakes, which is very good because human beings are not perfect. Happiness would be considered the end of a human being and its acquired by virtue according to Aristotle and making choices on whether to be or not to be a just person. His perspective revolved around people living in communities or political communities and that politics was a characteristic for the well-being.He also incorporated public education being the means of a community and thro ugh the development of practical wisdom because he wanted people to learn from their mistakes, stating that there is no perfect idea of a society. When an individual acquired happiness, which was the highest good over their course of life, it was done by pursuing virtue and noble actions. Therefore, Aristotles theory involves a fair political view where there is a higher class, lower class, but more importantly, a massive middle class where everyone must participate in politics.In accordance to Aristotles and its success can be determined by the happiness of the citizens. Where each citizen has acquired the dose of where they derive in moderation and are capable of distinguishing the means and the extremes and the good of society. He criticized Sparta on their austere culture and the citizen structure of a military society because he genuinely believed that it was not a content community. He did not lack humane values and he emphasized on how people should coiffe virtue in relatio ns to others. In essence, Aristotles theory offers a well established broad and fair view of a justice for a society and politics.