An Analysis of Michael Coogan’s Article “The Great Gulf Between Scholars and the Pew”

Michael Coogan’s article, â€Å"The Great Gulf Between Scholars and the Pew,† basically discussed and expounded in detail basically how people from different walks of life, particularly the scholars, and the lay members of the Church, understood and interpreted the Bible and its text. Basically, according to Coogan, the Bible, which has been long accepted as a symbol of perfect authority and absolute truth for it contains the word of God, is flawed in a lot of aspects due to its historical loopholes and inconsistencies. Based on Coogan’s writing, both past and modern scholars have used these inconsistencies and loopholes, which is a method called historical-critical method, to surmise that the Bible itself is not a book by a single author, but â€Å"many books by many authors† (Coogan, n. p. ) who also reflect their backgrounds and beliefs in their writings. However, as Coogan pointed out, this non-traditional understanding of the Bible, has very little effect on the way most people, whether religious or not, think of the book. This led to a situation that Coogan calls a canon within a canon, a set of laws within a set of laws or more specifically, a set of Holy Scriptures within a set of Holy Scriptures. In this case, most people, despite the widely accepted inconsistencies on the Bible, still accept and adhere to certain parts of its texts. In other words, what Coogan meant by a canon within a canon is that people select certain texts or scriptures within the Bible despite their errors and contradictions to actual historical findings and consider them as absolute truths which they base their beliefs on. More specifically, people such as lay members and pastors choose to believe these questionable texts and scriptures and use them to serve their personal interests. This, according to Coogan, is best shown in the way that politicians use quotes from the Bible as if they were truths, the way ministers preach the words of the Bible, and, most of all, the way students treat the Bible as an authoritative figure. Certain prominent inconsistencies in the Bible include the question of whether Canaan was invaded by Israel through a military assault or a gradual assimilation or what was the true color of the robe Jesus was wearing when he was being tortured before he died or whether he was born in Bethlehem or Nazareth, among many others.. In addition, there are also Christian believers who accept a certain gospel, such as Paul’s but reject the words of James and the Gospel of Matthew, which have been shown to contradict Paul’s writings, while, in effect, rejecting dozens of other biblical texts. The fact that there are inconsistencies between the writings of two of Jesus’ disciples and yet people choose to believe in one of them goes to show that the historical-critical method of understanding the Bible has been very influential. In short, despite these questions about important facts in the Bible, a lot of people still accept them as undeniable truths, which forms a canon within a canon Moreover, Coogan explained that the church tacitly accepts the use of a canon within a canon partly because it is their way of countering the results of the scholars’ historical-critical method of the Bible. The church made it appear to its followers that results of the scholars’ studies is a direct challenge to their authority because most of its teachings are derived from the Bible itself. In other words, if the Bible is full of inconsistencies and errors, then the Church’s Episcopal letters and pontifical documents, which they derive from the Bible as well, are also flawed and questionable. This is also why the church accepts the use of a canon within a canon as it corrects the perception of the Bible created by the scholars. They simply cannot allow an influential force that would question their authority as it would also taint their credibility and, in effect, their control over their members. Another reason behind the church’s tacit acceptance of a canon within a canon is that it does not trust people to correctly interpret and understand all that are written in the Bible. In other words, the church simply limited the exposure of people to the Bible because in truth, as Coogan stated in his article, there are certain texts and scriptures in the Bible that are subversive to the teachings of the church. According to Coogan, certain texts that are conspicuously limited by the church to most people include the portrayal of the violent yet â€Å"divine† extermination of the people of Canaan in the book of Joshua, the depiction of sexual assault in Judges chapters 11 and 19, the eroticism in the Song of Solomon, and most of all the text of the book of Job which more or less challenges the predominant perception of a fair and caring God. Meaning to say, the church firmly believes that if people are able to read the texts mentioned above, then there is a possibility that they may doubt the dogmatic views and teachings of the Bible which is embodied by the church itself. Furthermore, based on Coogan’s writing, in a way, biblical scholarship has also contributed to the use of a canon within a canon. According to him, for one, these biblical scholars, who have been committed to studying and deciphering the Bible for the past century or so, have failed to correctly translate what the original languages such as Greek and Hebrew of the book’s texts exactly mean. Most biblical scholars, avoid shocking people by making it appear that the Bible is an internally consistent book rather than a compilation of doctrines that are full of errors and inconsistencies. Moreover, Coogan also noted that recent biblical studies were done primarily for self-righteous reasons rather than educational purposes and as such, the use of a canon within a canon or a set of widely-accepted and used scriptures within a set of widely-accepted and used scriptures has become more established and unchallenged throughout the years.

Learning Experience Paper Essay

From the moment we enter into this world from the womb, humans are bombarded with stimuli and other conditioning. This stimulus plays a significant role in developing who we are, how we perceive elements before us and as important, how we react to those stimuli or events. The course that we take on this journey varies greatly from person to person. The various theories and methods discussed in the proceeding paper will evaluate the potential results from these various stimuli and conditioning, where they derive from and how they impact our learning experience. Throughout the world, there are few learning experiences that rival the association of sharks and the ocean and the subsequent fear that is elicited by people as a result. Some fear has reached an irrational level and is known as galeophobia, which means â€Å"Excessive and persistent fear of sharks† (Definition of fear of sharks, 2012, para. 1). These fears can occur on their own. However Hollywood of past, the maker of â€Å"JAWS† and ever increasing current events covered by expanding media have assuredly brought many new shark phobias into the fold. Fears commonly develop from the unknown or based on what cannot be seen, and those of the deep continue to underlie a mysterious phenomenon. On top of that, recent proof of bull sharks making their way into the brackish waters of rivers and tributaries have only validated some of these fears. As an experienced outdoorsman, surfer and diver, I have learned to have respect for all of my surroundings. While mankind typically has a good command of their surroundings, we are at risk on a daily basis, from muggings to shootings, to vehicle accidents and more. Climb a mountain, walk a ledge, run out in lightening or swim in the ocean and possibilities of injury or more are there. We simply must live our lives regardless and accept the risks that we face. People, throughout times, have been drawn to the coasts and oceans, first as a means of access ways for trade and some time after as a place of relaxation. We have always known there were mysterious creatures in the sea, some dangerous and sharks are definitely among the top of the  predators. Classical conditioning can play a role in developing situations such as this fear. In this instance, the shark is the unconditioned stimulus, as most people would inherently fear it. As such, fear would constitute the unconditional response. The neutral stimulus, in this case, would be the beach or entry into the waters of the beach. â€Å"After some such pairings the CS will elicit, by itself, a conditioned response (CR) very much like UR.† (Reber, Allen, Reber, 2009) Shark attacks have occurred for as long as we have been associated with the water. Over the past several decades, is that shark attacks, movies concerning them, and an increasing media presence to cover the actual occurrences, have misrepresented the actual level of danger associated with swimming at beaches. This misrepresentation has caused people to now associate beaches to sharks. Beaches have become for many, the conditioned stimulus, and those associating that conditioned stimulus to sharks is exhibiting a conditioned response. In the case of Operant Conditioning, behaviors are based on consequences. These consequences could be in the form of repeatable behaviors or reinforcement or punishments. â€Å"Any well-trained â€Å"operant† is in effect a habit.† (Staddon, 2003) An example of its use would be that the South African Coast is notorious for sharks, especially Great Whites. A surfer entering the water with no incidents will likely continue to enter, reinforced by the fact that no attack occurred. On the other hand, if that surfer were attacked, that would be a strong consequence, in the form of punishment, to discourage further entry. Cognitive social learning involves less of outside stimulus and relies more on the inherent capabilities of the individual to assess the stimulus and make determinations. In the same South African Coast example, the surfer, knowing that a particular area had many sharks, would have developed sufficient reasoning. To determine that he or she should find another safer, less populated area to surf in. In all of the learning theories discussed, there are elements of each that work best in particular situations. Overall, it is my opinion that cognitive-social learning is the most reliable theory, with regards to the learning process, for it relies on the inherent nature of the beings. Classical conditioning utilizes association that does not necessarily pertain to that behavior. Consequently, operant conditioning modifies behavior only after several occurrences and or consequences. Reference MedicineNet.com. (June 14, 2012). Definition of Fear of sharks. Retrieved from http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12519 Staddon, J. E. R., & Cerutti, D. T. (2003). Operant conditioning. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 115-44. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/205795898?accountid=458 Classical conditioning. (2009). In A. Reber, R. Allen, & E. Reber, The Penguin dictionary of psychology. London, United Kingdom: Penguin. Retrieved from http://search.credoreference.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/content/entry/penguinpsyc/classical_conditioning/0

The Effect of the Media on Male and Female Body Images Essay - 1

The Effect of the Media on Male and Female Body Images - Essay Example The author of the essay begins with that the media exposure happens to everyone these days and even the younger people like the pre-pubescent children are not spared. These exposures lead the audience into believing certain things to be realities. These are common in body image problems in the society today, as the mass media are promoting body types that are perceived to be the ideal body type, as well as the desirable body type by the audience. This construct about the perfect body is vital in an individual’s aspect in building self-identity. The images that we see in the mass media, however, are not representations of the real body types that exist in reality. In the end author concludes that discrepancies in body image and mass media presentations of the ideal body can largely be blamed on mass media itself. Today’s media do not distinguish fiction and reality and thus makes the society regard the images that they see in the mass media as realistic representations. This is aggravated by the media trying to present artificial, airbrushed and heavily made up personas as realistic representations of beauty. These representations, therefore, become targets of comparison for themselves and these comparative activities make the audience, become less satisfied with their own appearance and make them vulnerable to eating disorders and the like. This is especially true for the females. Because of this, the males view the women as less attractive and rate their current relationships as less favourable.

The Migration of African Americans from the South to the North Research Paper

The Migration of African Americans from the South to the North - Research Paper Example The war had affected their social lives and it was time to rebuild their lives. The new region was in need of labor and the great migration was an effect of the demand for labor. The large number was enough to supply the north with the much-needed labor. Labor was the key factor and that the market was demanding labor after a large number of individual had migrated to Europe to fight the war. The effect of the war and the migration was visible in these regions (Harrison, 2012). Effect on the labor The north migration of African American had an impact on the labor market. According to Tolnay (2003), the migration was prompted by the fact that the labor market was falling short of supply. The European supply of cheap labor was cut short by the ongoing first. The north hence was in demand of labor. This prompted the shift of market from the European region to local labor force. The effect meant that the employers chose to utilize the internal labor markets. The high population of Africa n American in the south made it suitable for sourcing labor. This prompted the migration of people from the south to the north. The market was able to realize a potential labor market and shifted to attract cheap labor sourced from within the nation. A large majority of people were attracted to availability of industries which where potential employers (Harrison, 2012). The labor market grew and was unable to accommodate the rising population. In the short run, the move was effective as they were able to revive the industrial markets.

WWII, Holocaust, Cold War, and Postmodernism Coursework - 1

WWII, Holocaust, Cold War, and Postmodernism - Coursework Example The paper "WWII, Holocaust, Cold War, and Postmodernism" analyzes the holocaust, the cold war, and world war II and their connection with postmodernism. The United States did not get on board with World War II unless it absolutely had to fight back against one of the Axis Powers, which was Japan. During the Holocaust, this atrocity might not have occurred if more people would have defended the rights of human beings to live and coexist peacefully with people from other religious backgrounds, faith traditions, ethnicities, and ability levels. There were numerous people that were murdered due to the fact that the Germans considered them â€Å"undesirable.† The groups included in the undesirable category cut through a wide swath of people, not just limited to the Jewish people—but also extended to the Gypsies (also known as the Roma or Romani), disabled individuals, individuals with birth defects, homosexuals, Communists, artists, poets, musicians, writers, and anyone else who was considered â€Å"subhuman.† It is very common knowledge that the Germans were ruthless in their treatment of the concentration camp prisoners, for the most part. Elie Wiesel, in his book Night, describes how the blue smoke of the children rose up from the crematories. He describes how he will never forget that night, not as long as he lived, and basically until the death of God himself he promised never to forget. In a way, his writing symbolized a kind of spiritual death as one sees his hopes and dreams turned to dust.

Project Management Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Management - Article Example Expert opinion comes as a secondary thing. Although it is not advisable to rely solely on the expert opinion, yet it is quite rational to seek expert opinion for approval or slight adjustment of the durations estimated using past history. An estimator may solely rely upon past history to estimate the duration of activities without seeking the expert opinion, but he/she can not solely rely upon expert opinion without checking the past history for the time estimates. In rare cases, when past history is not available for a certain activity, then its time is estimated using mathematical derivation. Mathematical derivation is the empirical and the least reliable method of estimating the time of activities, yet it has to be used in the absence of past history. Again, like a second check is made for the past history by seeking expert opinion, expert opinion should also be taken to modify the time calculated using mathematical derivation, to make it more reliable. It is better for Joe to mak e use of AOA method because it is simpler. Also, it gives clear information regarding FF and TF. Joe should see the level of details he requires and choose the method accordingly. Q. 2 Ans. Issues that weigh in favor of crashing the project are that BCC will not have to face the liquidated damages as the project would be finished within time.

2 Million Minutes Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

2 Million Minutes - Movie Review Example Directed by Robert Compton, Adam Raney and Chad Heeter; 2 million minutes is a documentary film which raises stark questions on the competitiveness and efficiency of education system of America.Taking examples of students from three major competing nations ought to become superpowers- America, India and China, the film addresses issues of schooling, establishing balance between education and extra-curricular activities and overall power of these nations in supplying innovative and intelligent minds (Harvard Educational Review 2011). The movie revolves around 6 students- two each from America, India and China. While American students get themselves more involved in friends and extra-curricular activities; students of India and China not only develop long term goals in fields of Science and Math, but also maintain a balance between other activities. All in all, schooling system in India and China exposes its youth to more comprehensive education and extra-curricular experience than do American system. This is why Indian and Chinese students aspire to become scientists, engineers and doctors, while American kids are dazzled by football players, actors and sports persons. Issues raised in the film The film highlights numerous issues which the American economy is exposed to. Dealing with education system and its contribution in making a nation competitive and self-sufficient; the movie revolves around seeking answers to how American system has lost its motivation of developing entrepreneurs and inventors and how parents are setting deviated priorities for their children. Lack of motivation and unclear priorities Aspirations of students take shape by prominent inventions and research work going on in the nation. America was once the land of space research, math and science geniuses which molded student aspirations to become scientists, engineers and researchers. Now when students see football players, sports persons and actors steal the show, their motivation level a nd direction has changed. This is seriously going to hurt the American economy in the long run as the latter category of careers do not make a nation self-sufficient and competitive in the fight of global reliance. Responsibility of parents In India and China, most of the poor parents want their children to be educated and independent as they themselves have been living in miserable plights. As such, both the parents and children have their goals clear and focused upon. This is not the case with American parents who have been living affluently and whose children do not understand what poverty is. Thus, American education system suffers from confusion between what parents think and what children want. Another point revealed from this discussion is the level of involvement and responsibility sharing by parents in making their children competitive globally. In India and China, parents are equally responsible for how their children fare in their exams and career. They invest time, effor t and obviously money in their child’s endeavor to fly with bright colors. American parents, however, do not take this much of their child’s academic responsibility as they prefer sports and athletics to academics. This is something which raises brows on how students are supported in their goal formation, planning and execution in America, India and China because after school or college, children learn from their home and parents. Stress taking Many experts opine that Indian parents put unnecessary pressure on their children. Students get stressed by subjects and are also not allowed to play or socialize much. To some extent, this is true. But on close observation, it is actually the need of the hour. The world has already been grappled with economic crisis, employment levels have plummeted and careers are not secure. In such circumstances, students need to be accustomed of functioning under stress conditions; otherwise hardships and challenges of life could not be fac ed. This is what Indian

2 Exercises Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2 Exercises - Assignment Example What appears to be the least satisfying? In what area(s), if any, do you feel improvements should be made? Discuss and provide appropriate descriptive statistics. As shown in the pie chart describing the total level of satisfaction, the most satisfying aspect to the nurses is work with a total score of 42%. The mean percentage that is satisfied by work is 81.428571%, with a median of 82% and a mode of 72%. The least satisfying aspect to the nurses is pay with a total of 28%. The mean percentage that is satisfied by pay is 55.571429%, with a median of 55.5 % and a mode of 60%. 3. On the basis of descriptive measures of variability what measures of job satisfaction appears to generate the greatest difference of opinion among the nurses? Explain and illustrate appropriately by citing part 1. Based on the basis of descriptive measures of variability what measures of job satisfaction, work and pay show the greatest difference. Work satisfaction has a mean score of 81.428571, with a median of 82% and a mode of 72%. The maximum score of work is 95% and the minimum score of work is 63%. The first quartile is 72%, 2nd quartile is 82% and the third quartile is 86.75%. The score of the variance is 68.693878% and a standard deviation of 8.288177. Pay on the other hand has a differing satisfaction with a mean score of 55.571429%, with a median of 55.5 % and a mode of 60%. The maximum score of work is 90% and the minimum score of work is 25%. The first quartile is 45.5%, 2nd quartile is 55.5% and the third quartile is 60%. The score of the variance is 217.47796 and a standard deviation of 14.747134. 4. What can be learned about the types of hospitals? Does any particular type of hospital seem to have better levels of job satisfaction that the other types? Do your results suggest any recommendations for learning about and/or improving job satisfaction? Discuss and provide appropriate descriptive statistics from part1. From the types of hospitals in the

Terrorism and anti-terrorism laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Terrorism and anti-terrorism laws - Essay Example The most prominent combination of the War Measures Act, Canadian security certificate program, and Canada’s own Anti-Terrorism Act provides a stable and strong anti-terrorist legal framework in the country. However, the Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act functions as the most powerful element of this framework. The Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act extends the legal sphere of the war measures mechanism. Canada has fought wars with the United States and also it had conflicts with the Native Indian populations on certain occasions. During the World War II, Canada participated in several military operations in Europe and Asia-Pacific region. During Cold War, tensions regarding the country’s internal security concerns often surfaced. Hence, formulating the Anti-Terrorism Act in response to the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks was challenging but not impossible. Technically, this Act extends the powers of the institutions and the Government athwart the country’s security establishment so that they can address, combat, and diminish the threat of terror. The Act has some most important law enforcement process at focus. These are pre-emptive detention, extended surveillance, investigative hearing, preventive arrest, and stringent sentencing. Thus, it is highly similar to the USA PATRIOT Act, which was passed after the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks. (Canadian Legal Information Institute, 2012) It has been already mentioned that although Canada’s past has been relatively peaceful, the country’s involvement in several important greater international conflicts cannot be ignored. Like World War II and Cold War, Canada got involved in the War on Terror too. And like the previous conflicts, this conflict too called for certain specific and special arrangements. Terrorism has its peculiar dynamics. Since it is not direct warfare and even terrorist states enjoy diplomatic immunity in the modern society, it may prove to be more dangerous in the sense of psychological effect. And in the

The Game of Baseball Essay Example for Free

The Game of Baseball Essay Baseball is one of Americas favorite past times, as well as mine. There are many different sports for boys to play, however, baseball was the only one my heart got attached to. It has always given me that adrenaline rush that made me want to continue playing even up to today. Baseball is one of my fondest memories because it was a huge part of my childhood, it introduced me to some of my best friends, and helped mold into the person I am today. The baseball field brings back the best memories. Baseball is in my genes. When I would run onto the baseball field it’s like I just got hit with adrenaline. I played soccer and basketball also, but as I got older I felt that if I focused on one sport I could make myself great. I’ve been playing ever since I was able to throw and catch, and I am still playing in college. When I was younger it started with playing recreation sports. Playing for the recreation department wasn’t the greatest experience, but everyone made the team and everyone was out there to have fun. -16 Once I turned eleven I joined a travel team. On the travel team we traveled to Baton Rouge or Gulfport every weekend. We qualified for a chance to go play a week in Cooperstown, New York. We then got on a plane and flew to South Carolina, which we were supposed to switch planes to go to New York. When we got to South Carolina we found out that the plane we were supposed to get on left early so we had to take a charter bus the rest of the way and it took forever. We didn’t win the tournament; it was a great experience to play teams from all over the United States. After that tournament that team split up, and I joined a different team, which we played for a few years and won many tournaments. When I was fourteen, we qualified to go to the World Series in Liberty, Missouri. We won our first four games in pool play. We ended up getting second seed going into double elimination. Then we lost our first elimination game. If we lost any more games we were finished. When the team got back to the hotel we had a team meeting with all the parents. That meeting had everyone thinking and saying, â€Å"We aren’t losing the World Series. † We came out playing teams that also had one loss that were in the losers bracket, ten run ruling almost every team. We were dominating after our pep talk from the parents. When we made it out the losers bracket, we had to play the first place team that everyone was talking about the whole tournament. We had to beat them twice because they were undefeated and had to lose two games. The first game was a breeze, we won twelve to three. Then the final game we came out hitting and beat them again like it was nothing, twelve to two. We dog piled on the field, and after we stripped down to our sliding shorts then ran and jumped into the pond behind the center field fence. Winning the world series in a different state was the best baseball experience at the age of fourteen. Since I started playing at such a young age it got me prepared for middle school, in which I played both years. Then came high school, in which the fields were much bigger and bigger crowds. My senior year in high school was a year that I will never forget. I played five different positions, contributing my skills everywhere to help the team out in any way. I was First Team All-District Utility Player of the Year and had the second best batting average in district. We had a great season going undefeated in district. We were upset when we ended up losing in the second round of the playoffs to Central Baton Rouge 3-1. I was shocked when they got the last out of the games, I didn’t know what to do. After we went shakes hands the team just walked to the outfield and just sat down. It was a very emotional time because we were expected to win state. I walked to center field and just sat down and started tearing up. Some of the younger players didn’t know what to do but it helped a lot when everyone started giving out hugs. Then after a while we got into a circle and the coaches said a few words, but it was hard for them to talk. That was probably the hardest to ever leave a baseball field. Once we walked back to the dugout the parents were waiting for us to try to cheer us up. The seniors stayed in the dugout for probably an hour just realizing that was the last game we would play together on the same team. The baseball field looks amazing when the grass is freshly cut and the infield dirt is freshly dragged on game day. The night games are the ones that get your heart pumping when the lights come on and the field is lit up. It makes you feel like yopur invincible.

Performance management

Performance management PART B Process Performance planning Performance monitoring Performance development Performance evaluation Succession planning Ans. 1 Performance planning means the different steps or stages which are used for the organisation success. In which the manager discuss all things like future plan, goals, targets and objectives with their all company members. It play crucial role in organisation because it is used to setting the organisation goals and objectives to achieve its objectives. Moreover, it play significant role to make a good relationship between the employee and their manager and supervisor. The company that I have chosen can create a performance planning for the organisation success. They can create a performance planning by helping the employee and manager and supervisor to understand their jobs and organisation objectives. In addition employee can communicate with their supervisor or manager about their performance and supervisor can make performance planning for goals with the help of employees. Furthermore, supervisor can check that employees have all types of resources that are require for the o rganisation success. Moreover, there goals should be smart which help them for organisation success. Last but not least, supervisor communicate with their management about the company goals and competencies and career development activities about the employees. Ans. 2 Performance monitoring means checking or measuring the performance of the employee and giving them feedback to employees about their work, office support and some guidance on their work performance toward to reach the organisation goals. Moreover, it means the organisation work and project are monitor continually. The company that I have chosen can complete the performance monitoring by assisting the company to measure its progress by taking reviews with the employees whether they are doing good work or not. In addition, they compared their performances against their standard and element they set for the organisation goals. They can do every day monitoring that gives a lot of benefits. We can check how our workers are doing their work whether they meeting the organisation goals or not. Furthermore, we can check problems in the work and we can make some changes in work to reach the organisation objectives and goals. We can also change unrealised and standard problems. Last but not least, Monitoring continually we can identified some unacceptable problems in work. Ans. 3 Performance development means the improving the capacity of work performance of employees by giving training or providing new skills and higher level of responsibilities, it is very important for the company to improve the work process. In addition, company should provide development opportunities to the employees. Moreover, company can identified the development needs of employees. The company that I have chosen can complete the performance development by encouraging the employee’s performance. Furthermore, they can strength the skills which are related to job need employees for the development. In addition, company helps their employees to keep with them. Moreover, they are introducing new technology which are used for the company development and helping the employees for work. Due to performance development, every employees can identify their strength and performance because of resources and capability framework which are provided by the company to them. Ans. 4 Performance evaluation means to review the employee performance after 12 month. It is very important for company because it is used to review or evaluate the company annual performance whether the company making profit or not. It is used to review the job performance. It is used to evaluate the past performance. The company that I have chosen can complete the performance evaluation by discussing expectation and accomplishment of organisation. This can assist the company to improve its retention of staff by HR development strategies, policies and development. In addition, we can improve it by the expertise and experience employed in the organisation. Last but not least, the company can improve it by comparing and rating the employee’s performance. Ans.5 Succession planning means that the process of checking that business is going or running successfully without the people. This is very important because if the business is not reliant on the person and owner knowledge they will get the better sale. These type of planning are complicated and emotionally difficult. The company that I have chosen can complete the succession of planning by developing the chance of business growth and challenging. The company can assist to improve the retention of the staff by asking the right questions and put realistic value on the business. Moreover, they can improve by setting the achievable time framework for employees to make plan. Last but not least, they can do it by providing the best resources to the employees. Progressive warning system Ans.1 Ans.2 The progressive warning system means to assist the employees to understand the problems at workplace for the improvement of the company. For the new employees it means If the employees did mistake the employer ask first why this happened and give verbal warning to employee. If the employees did simple mistake the employer give them written and verbal warning. For the serious mistake employer give suspension order for short term and may be discharge the employees. The employee know that employer consider their small or serious problem by when the company profit goes down and when they did wrong work and when the company work is not improving. Ans.3 Progressive warning system for new manager means to correct the employee performance problems. It means for the new manger first they discuss the problems with the employees and ask them why this problem occurred and how. If the simple mistake is made by employees the manager will discuss problems with the employees which are not good and unsatisfactory. They warn the employees to take action which are lead to further action. If the serious mistake is made by the employees manager warn the employee and take action. Manager will put the copy of warning letter, time and date of its issue to the employee’s personal file. The steps that manager must take when the serious problem occur first they give the verbal warning and second they give the written waning which is reason for the continuing mistake. Moreover, they give the final written warning which is put in employee’s personal file and if they did mistake again the employee will be dismissed. Ans.4 Ans.5 Personal grievance means that employee can complaint to management. Every employees have right to pursue personal grievance. Before the personal grievance employee first tell to representative that there is done within 90 days and then them complaint. If they employee lost money and if there is some discrimination between the employees they can bring personal grievance. Unjustified dismissal means the employee believe that they have unjustifiably dismissed. They can use the personal grievance against the employer and representative. Constructive dismissal means if the employee who feel that they have been facing the employer to resign or leave the job they can use personal grievance. Some example of the constructive dismissal means employer will tell employees to leave the job or u will be terminated. Performance Management Performance Management Other than the above, employers can ride on the performance appraisal event to provide feedback to the employees regarding his or her past performance and to help them to improve their job performance. This exercise also provides opportunity for employees to express their feelings about the job and to increase interpersonal communication. From this it can stimulate interest in self-development for the purpose of greater personal development. Beside, performance appraisal will produce a databank of information can be used for financial and non-financial rewards. Performance management approaches are generally described in the context of Managing by Objective (MBO) framework. MBO programs is an knowledge that evaluation must be secured to act like objective setting, communicate expected result, establish time frame and how to accomplish objective (Nankervis, Compton McCarty, 1999, Pg. 399 400). Within the managing by objectives system the performance management process refers to the management of individuals, starting with the assignment of individual objectives through the final, formal assessment process. Employees today would like to climb the corporate hierarchy as quick they can. To stop employees from job-hopping, companies should provide views for individual and professional development. If people can achieve their development objectives with one employer over a long period of time, they will usually continue the same pace. Employees will certainly seek clearer fields if they distinguish the environment is restrictive. Especially when reviews are not fair, accurate and timely, they fail to compensate star workers, fail to provide support and guidance to average workers and fail to give proper feedback to whose work is imperfect.It is in no doubt that there is convincing plane logic for steps in a performance management system. And, the benefits and purposes cited for such a system are intuitively compelling; there are very few managers who would disagree with any of the functions or results apparently associated with performance management. Keep in mind that while most agree with the concepts, few actually implement them. In todays global economy, the advantage of growth from employees performance is cleared. It is referred as intangible performance. Stock returns are closely correlated with intangible performance. Take for example how Bill Gates built a multibillion-dollar software empire and how McDonald created its fast food kingdom. Many businesses are going through the same kind of internal dialog about their assets, particularly in the global economy, firms with relative little invested in factories and other tangible assets. To improve business performance, therefore, companies need tools that grow and manage their intangible assets. In this assignment we will discuss a few important issues when deciding and implementing an effective performance management system. As mentioned above, performance management is generally descr ibed within the context of MBO. As such the process shall be started with a thorough understanding of an organizations business strategy. Here we refer to a strategy that is not lets make money. Rather, its here how to make money.In the context of strategic corporate planning, Balance Scorecard framework is widely used for goals and objectives setting for the entire organization or department. These goals and objectives are made as team goals. The Balance Scorecard provides a framework to describe and communicate strategy in a consistent and insightful way (Kaplan Norton. 200, Pg. 10). This works best in departments or entire organization where the people are fairly independent and striving to achieve a singular purpose. A strategic scorecard is a process of establishing multi-faceted measures of an organization or unit they typically includes: (a) finance; (b) customer; (c) internal business process and (d) leaning and growth.Having, balance scorecard organizational strategic dire ction is communicated well to the employees who must implement it. Once strategy is clear the process then moves to indemnifying cause-and-effect relationship driving business success. Nankervis, Compton McCarty (1999, Pg 380) stress that performance review must never be taken isolation but, rather, tied directly to the organizations strategic plan and the strategies that make up that plan. Organizational success is base on the result of adding together all the individual outputs. Using a mathematic equation as an example, if person X and person Y and person Z do their jobs correctly, the organizations results are X + Y + Z. manage each individuals result, and organization will succeed. Key Factor in an Effective Performance Management System As mentioned in the introduction, performance appraisal is the process of formal process in assessing someones performance. Performance appraisal is the end of process that goes on all the times. It is a process that is based on good communication between managers and employees (subordinates). In this exercise, not only the manager and employees is the key to success, the human resource department also play an important role because it can create a situation that virtually determine the value from the performance appraisal process.Manager and supervisors traditionally have served as appraisers of their subordinates performance (Nankervis, Compton McCarty, 1999, Pg. 385). Appraisers do appraisal to improve performance, not to find a donkey to pin a tail on or blame. Because blaming process is pointless and doesnt help anyone. If there is to be a point to performance appraisal it should be getting manager and employee working together to have everyone get better. Formal appraisal is normally conducted every six months or one year, however, feedback is not just relevant to annual or semiannual appraisal. Feedback about performance needs to be immediate and continues since it is to influence future behavior. Appraisers should spend more time to prevent problems than evaluating at the end of performance cycle. When appraisers do good things during the performance evaluation period, the appraisal is easy to do and comfortable because there wont be any surprises.Many times, we found appraisers did all sorts of funny and dump things to destroy the process of performance appraisal that is important to everyone. But another important factor in the appraisal process is the employees they themselves herein referred as appraise. Appraisers take their cues from management and human resources. However, when appraise perceive the process in negative ways, they can create or damage even the best appraisal processes. Appraiser tend to take their jobs personally and making it m ore difficult to hear others comments about their works, particularly when they are critical. Even constructive criticism is often hard to hear. When appraise enter into the discussion with an attitude of defending then its almost impossible to create the dialog necessary for performance improvement. Appraisers are advised or should present their own opinions and perceptions in a calm, factual manner rather than a defensive, emotional way. Of course, if appraisers are inept in the appraisal process, it makes it very difficult to avoid this defensiveness. Similar to the appraisers, appraisees need to know how they are doing all year found, not just at appraisal time. Generally it is primarily appraisers responsibility to ensure that there are no surprises at appraisal time. Often, appraiser discusses both positives and negatives of appraiser performance throughout the performance period, but this is unfortunately not a universal practice. Its in the appraiser interests to open up dis cussion about performance during the period, even if the appraiser does not initiate it. The sooner appraisees know where they are at and what they need to change and keep doing, the sooner the problems can be fixed. In fact many problems can be prevented if they are caught early enough. Even if appraisers arent creating that communication, appraiser can and should. It is a shared responsibility. The success and failure of performance appraisal system doesnt just fall on appraisers and appraise only. Human resource department is one of the major contributors to the final results. F then, human resource department tends to focus on and stress the paperwork and forms. We can understand why human resource personnel want some sort of paper trail related to performance appraisal in concerning the formality and the possible legal implications. But when the emphasis on the forms and paperwork overshadows the real purpose of doing appraisal, the huge amounts of resources are wasted. When hu man resource department focus on getting the forms done, thats exactly what they get i.e. forms done.Documentation in performance appraisal is seen as the central of performance appraisal. The issue is that the one size fits all requirements doesnt really work. In many organizations, human resource department uses a standardization approach; this means one form use across the organization. A weakness of many performance programs is that manager and supervisors are not trained adequately for the appraisal task and provide little meaningful feedback to subordinates (Nankervis, Compton McCarty, 1999, Pg. 389). Training for not only the appraisers but also the appraisees in their role in the appraisal process is one the important tasks of human resource department. Both appraiser and appraiser need to hold the same understanding about why they are doing appraisal, how it will be done and what is expected. In this discussion, top management is being seen as on the key factors in perform ance appraisal system. Recognition and commitment from top management towards the performance appraisal system will eventually affect the entire implementation of such system. People who involve in the appraisal process will conduct appraisal so long as they have to do so to justify or withhold certain objectives. Management can influence personnel in a holistic manner to ensure the ultimate goal of performance management system i.e. for improving individuals, teams and organization as a sole base on measures that tie directly to the success drivers of the organization. Performance appraisal isnt about the forms although, often management, appraiser and human resource department treat it as such. The ultimate objective of performance appraisal s to allow employees and managers to improve continuously and to remove barriers to job success and not to get the organizational success as well. The major responsibilities for setting performance assessment tone and climate rest with apprais ers and the human resource department. However, even when managers and human resource department do their job well, workers who come at the process with unenthusiastic or suspicious approach are not likely to aim from the process or to do well over the long term. The constant key for successful performance management is active and self-confident sharing among the key personnel, but keeping a problem-solving mindset, and keeping focus on how things can be improve in the future. No matter how instigates it, performance appraisal is about positive open communication between appraises and appraisers. Implementation of Performance Management System: Problems and Recommendations: Performance appraisals are always sticky for everyone. While organizations make an effort to be as objective as possible, there are always concern about specific performance appraisals and their accuracy. Performance appraisal instruments are considered as test and must be validated against actual job-related requirements. Job requirements or standards should be based on job analysis or competency profiling and resulting job description and job specifications. When performance standards are properly established, they will translate job requirements into levels of acceptable or unacceptable employee performance (Nankervis, Compton McCarty, 1999, P. 390). It is a facto life that the easiest things to measure or evaluate are the least important things with respect to doing a job. Take for example; managers can simply define customer service as answering phone call within three rings or reply e-mails within 24 hours or some such thing. That is easy to measure if it is wanted. What is not easy to measure is the overall quality of service that will get and keep customers. By adding in the clause regarding legitimate customer complaints it becomes event serious. One-sided judgment must be trained and there is room for understanding, and the manager is required to evaluator whether a complaint is legitimate or not. So, the standard is no longer objective. Measuring overall customer service is hard, we could carry the above example to the point where standard resembles war peace, but the point here is that the more quantifiable a standard is, the less relevant it becomes. It is easy to measure a trivial but it is hard to measure what is important in an objective way. Many instruments have been developed to improve employees performance. Written procedures are a better contact between the employees and manager, incentives or punishment and so on. However, even well written standards have an appearance of objectivity but require subjective judgments. Expectation about work output in terms of quality, quantity, errors, waste, etc should be discussed as often as necessary until the employee is self-monitoring and self-correcting. When the subordinate is consulted in setting up standards of performance and he / she is given an opportunity to express his opinions during the post-appraisal interview will give him / her sense of participatio n and probably increase job satisfaction. Moreover, having helped to set the goals himself / herself, he / she will be less disposed to argue later about what is expected of him / her (Heyel, 1958, Pg. 33). Nankervis, Compton McCarty (999, Pg 391) suggested that jobs which involve tasks where qualitative measurement is difficult, this job it may well be that success must be measured in how the work is performed rather than by end numerical result. One cannot ignore in the appraisal system is the role of personal trait because it bear significant when performing current job and considering the potential of an individual for higher position in an organization. Any shortfall, training and development have to come in place to rescue and improve the situation for success. The performance management system conveys to people in an organization how work is to be performed and communicated, often unintentionally the values and organizational culture too. More specifically performance manage ment system can foster a lack of collective responsibility for achievement of organizational goals, encourage competition rather than cooperation and can impede the development of effective teamwork. It is not surprising that we eagerly embrace the idea that each person should be both responsible and accountable for this or her work. I am sure you agree. Performance management is designed to enhance this personal responsibility. It implies that you are not responsible for the work of others that is important to the organization. It focusing on individual responsibility reduces an employees responsibility to the organization and the activities that are not his or her job. To overcome this problem, management should create an environment in which all members of the organization are continuously buzzing about and striving to improve the organizations performance relative to its purpose. Promote team spirit, interest and induce feeling towards the responsibility for almost everything th at goes on. When employees want to be involved, they contribute ideas, they function in a team context because they see achievement of overall organizational objectives as more important than the achievement of their own objectives. Perhaps the mathematics equation illustrated earlier can be used as an example for explanation to all employees. Due to the limitation of, we shall look at the final problem for this assignment i.e. the relationship between performance and rewards system. Many organizations tie employee pay appraisal results, which puts employee and manager on opposite sides. Employees in such system tend to focus too much on the money component, although that focus is certainly understandable. It is also understandable when employees in such systems become hesitant to reveal shortcomings or mistakes. If employees main intention is to gain as much of pay raise out of the company, and the management tries to keep increasing as little as possible, it becomes completely imp ossible to focus on what eventually matters over the long term which is continuous performance improvement and success for the company overall. It may be very important, where possible, to tie remuneration and benefits to performance or at least to ensure that benefits package supports that organizational objectives (Lockett, 1992, Pg 199). Pay is important but it is on the only issue that related to the appraisal focus. Furthermore, pay is just one elements of reward. Promoting people on the basis of performance can divert the focus; however the factors appraised must be highly correlated to the requirements of the new job. Frequent reviews of the relationship between performance and reward system are important to retain high performance. How do we do that? We should start looking at how fairly are rewards distributed base on performance and does every employees understand this or in other words is how transparent is the system to all parties in an organization. Bibliography: Heyel, C., (1958), Appraisal Executive Perfomance, Amacom, New York Ivanchvich, J., (1998), Human Resource Management, 7th Edition, McGraw Hill, New Jersey. Kaplan, R. S. Norton, D. P., (2001), Harvard Business Scholl Publishing Corporation, Boston. Lockett, J., (1992), Effective Performance Management: A Strategic Guide to Getting the Best from People, Kongan Page Limited, London. Nankervis, A., Compton, R. McCarty, T., (1999), Strategic Human Resource Management, 3rd Edition, Nelson, South Melbourne. Schermerhorn, J. R., (1999), Management, 6th Edition, John Wiley Son Inc, New York. Sherman, A., Bohlander, G. Snell, S., (1998), Managing Human Resources, 11th Edition, South-Western College, Ohio. Thompson, A. Strickland III, A., (2001), Strategic Management Concept and Cases, 12th Edition. McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York.

Chemical Suicide: A Danger to First Responders Essay -- Social Issues,

As a first responder, police officers can often encounter many different cases where an individual is reported to be unconscious inside a vehicle. Usually upon arrival, the officer will try and make contact with the subject to investigate the situation. Often times, the officer will discover that the person has either a medical condition, is under the influence of drugs or alcohol, or just hasn’t gotten enough sleep (Randall, 2011). However, in recent years there has been a growing trend occurring in the United States that is affecting the safety of first responders. In this trend people are releasing chemicals within confined spaces, such as a vehicle, to commit suicide. Chemical suicides are very dangerous to anyone within the vicinity because the fumes are extremely toxic (Oreshan & Stevens, 2011). Individuals that attempt to rescue a suicidal subject could be putting themselves at risk of exposure, which can cause serious injury or death. Being a first responder, it is imp ortant to understand the increasing threat of chemical suicides and how they are typically performed, the warning signs and proper safety procedures to use, and the treatments to this type of chemical exposure. Chemical suicides are believed to have originated in Japan in 2007, and there have been counts of over 2000 cases having occurred within the country since then (Oreshan & Stevens, 2011). Slowly, this method of suicide has been steadily increasing in the United States since 2008, where there has been at least 72 known cases documented (Goode, 2011). Of these cases, 2 of them had taken place in 2008, 9 in 2009, 36 in 2010, and at least 27 cases by the middle of 2011 (Scoville, 2011). While these numbers are only a tiny fraction of the amount of suicid... ... 2010). When treating for hydrogen sulfide exposure, nitrite therapy may be included in order to aid recovery (Oreshan & Stevens, 2011). If exposure to hydrogen cyanide occurred, then the individual should also be given a specific cyanide antidote kit (Oreshan & Stevens, 2011). Overall chemical suicides are a threat that is unfortunately expected to continue rising throughout the United States. It is essential to keep training as well as communicating to first responders about the dangers that they impose. Every first responder needs to be made aware of how these suicides are being performed, as well as the warning signs, proper safety procedures, and what treatments to use if encountered. The more that this information is being circulated, the better chance there is at limiting the injuries and deaths associated with this type of second hand chemical exposure.

Dred Scott v. Sanford :: American History, Slavery, Freedom

Dred Scott, an African American man who was born into slavery, wanted what all slaves would have wanted, their freedom. They were mistreated, neglected, and treated not as humans, but as property. In 1852, Dred Scott sued his current owner, Sanford, about him, no longer being a slave, but a free man (Oyez 1). In Article four of the Constitution, it states that any slave, who set foot in a free land, makes them a free man. This controversy led to the ruling of the state courts and in the end, came to the final word of the Supreme Court. Is he a slave or a free man? Being born into slavery meant that Dred Scott had been exchanged from owners to owners (Knappman 16-17). His first owner, the Blows, died, and before their death, they sold Scott to Dr. Emerson. Dr. Emerson soon gave Scott away to his wife’s brother, Sanford (Knappman 16-17). Scott tried to buy his freedom away from Dr. Emerson’s wife but she just wouldn’t accept (Dred Scott Decision 1). Since Scott moved from place to place as a slave, he was able to go to Illinois, which was a free state (Richie 40). Because of the Constitution, Scott used his rights to sue Sanford claiming that he was a free man (Richie 40). With this in mind, it lead to arguments about both parties, the prosecuted and the defendant. With the help of the antislavery lawyers, they were able to assist the prosecution, Dred Scott, with his court case (Dred Scott Decision 1). Unfortunately, in the first trial, Scott lost due to the reason of not having enough evidence (Dred Scott Decision 1). Scott, determined to get his freedom, was given the chance for a second trial (â€Å"Dred Scott Case Collection†). Their main argument, about Sanford violating his Fifth Amendment rights, made them win their case in their second trial (Justia 1). The Fifth Amendment mentions that a person’s life, liberty, or property cannot be taken away without due process of law. They were taking away Scott’s liberty, but he deserved to be free because he was taken to a free state (Dred Scott Decision 1). Does this whole controversy end there? With Sanford losing in the second trial, it did not just end there. Sanford’s sister, Mrs. Emerson, appealed and because of that, it went to the Missouri Supreme Court (â€Å"Dred Scott Case Collection†).

Copyrights: Intellectual Property and Technology Essay -- essays resea

Copyrights: Intellectual Property and Technology The Government and many other agencies around the world are continuously at work to improve protections for intellectual property rights and the enforcement of intellectual property laws. In today’s age of digital madness, passing legislation and actually enforcing of those laws becomes a very daunting task. However, the protection of intellectual property has both individual and social benefits. It protects the right of the creator of something of value to be compensated for what he or she has created, and by so doing; it encourages production of valuable, intangible, creative work In order to understand the difficulties surrounding the laws associated with intellectual property an understanding of the term is needed. The Louisiana State Bar Association defines intellectual property as the product of someone's mental efforts. It is usually intangible, and its value lies in its appeal to others who might wish to use it or the goods it describes. Intellectual property can be covered and categorized into three separate protective laws; those include copyrights, patents and trademarks. The true key to understanding intellectual property protection is to understand that the thing protected is the intangible creative work, not the particular physical form in which it is embodied (Baase, 2003, p. 235). This paper will discuss the ideas and laws behind copyrights as intellectual property along with the daunting task of protecting that property in a digital age where piracy seems to be commonplace. The fair-use laws and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) of 1998 will also be covered, along with the challenges faced by those who choose to use the fair-use laws for educational purposes, and the impact that the DMCA has had on this law. Finally this paper will discuss what can be learned from having a basic understanding of copyright laws and the impact on world economics that the breaking of these laws could possibly cause. Examining intellectual property can spark the old argument that standing is more tiring than walking paradox, how do you differentiate between an idea and a creative expression. Copyrights protect a creative expression, which is the expression, selection, and arrangement of ideas. The boundary between an idea and the expression of an idea is often not clear (Baase, 2003, p. 236). Most people... ...industry will quickly realize that consumers eventually get tired of being slapped on the wrist for obeying the law, and this is basically what the DMCA has done to people that actually follow the fair use laws. The actual impact of boycotting the industry would be an economic disaster. This will most likely never happen, but Congress is posed with a great task in front them. The first step towards ensuring copyrights and fair use laws would be to ban the use of technology that is produced for the sole purpose of circumventing copyrights. Congress should then either redefine the Digital Millennium Copyright Act or do away with it completely. Infringement on copyright laws will never completely disappear but managing the problem without stepping on the toes of the owners or the consumer can definitely be accomplished with the right application and redefinition of copyright laws and the fair use doctrine. A new digital age calls for new types of protection without overstepping the boundaries of what is fair and what is not. References Baase, S. (2003). A Gift of Fire: Social, Legal, and Ethical Issues for Computers and the Internet. 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Impacts of Internet to Youth Essay

The Internet is a household word in the West and is responsible for the wide dissemination of information all over the world. It is perhaps the greatest invention of the 20th century and gives great power to its users; with great power comes great responsibility, especially for youths. The Internet is a new medium for distributing information. It has its own culture, its own way of communicating, no law enforcement, no national boundaries as well as free access to every kind of information known to mankind. Its potential for good and evil is mind-boggling with the possibility of every household being connected. After the September 11th attacks on the United States, it was rumored that Bin Laden’s Al Qaeda organization used the Internet to covertly exchange messages to prepare for the attacks [Kelley, Jack. Terror groups hide behind Web encryption. USA today. 2001.05.20. Available on life. http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/2001-02-05-binladen.htm]. But the Internet has so far mainly served as a very valuable tool to bring mankind closer together and to remove some of the barriers inherent in the â€Å"real† world (such as expensive textbooks and far distances to travel to see someone). It has had a great impact on those countries that have adopted its use and provides some kind of measure of the gap between First World and Third World countries. But what exactly is the Internet? And what are some of its uses? And what are its impacts to the society especially youth? 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Many computer literate children and youth access the Internet daily for both educational and recreational purposes. While the Internet provides a wealth of positive information, there has been increased awareness of its potential dangers, especially to young people. To address concerns surrounding Internet safety, in 1999 the Internet Safety Group of New Zealand was established. The Internet Safety Group is comprised of a number of Community groups and government agencies. Their objective â€Å"is to offer Schools and libraries resources that will help them educate and protect children and Young people, and educate parents/caregivers on the safe use of the Internet.† (Internet Safety Group, 2000, p.3). There has been much discussion to date about the ‘unsafe’ Internet practices of youth. Empirical research in this area is however limited. Auckland Rape Crisis, as a member of the Internet Safety Group, wanted to increase their knowledge and understanding of how you th use the Internet, and more specifically what youth may or may not be doing to place themselves at risk as a result of being on-line. Thus, it is imperative to study on the impacts of Internet to youth in Tanzania. 1.3 IMPORTANCE THE STUDY 1. The study will help the researcher to have practical skills on conducting research. 2. The study will open room for other researches to be conducted on the field so as to identify what should be done to prepare youth to overcome the challenges of Internet. 3. The study will also help the government and stakeholders in policy making to review country policies concerning the usage of Internet. 4. The study will also reveal the danger associate to internet usage among youth in Tanzania. 5. The study will also reveal the danger associate to internet usage among youth in Tanzania as far as our culture is concerned. 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Specifically the study will focus on the following objectives: 1)To find out and analyze the level of youth awareness and competence in the use of Internet. 2)To identify different types of Internet services and their uses to youth in Tanzania. 3)To identify what are the positive and negative impact of internet to youth in Tanzania. 4)To identify what youth in Tanzania benefit from Internet usage. 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study will focus mainly on identifying uses of internet among youth in Tanzania and how internet affect their behavior and their day to day activity plus revealing the advantages that they will obtain from the internet. To meet the goal the researcher will study and analyze critically youth behavior on using the internet, what services they prefer to use on the internet, what kind of Webpages they prefer to visit and how internet affects them. 1.6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The study is affected by the following limitations: a)Fund provided by the sponsor is limited hence the researcher will conduct the study in accordance to the fund available. b)Availability respondents and response from respondents will limit the researcher form getting relevant information at the right time. c)There is no enough proof of the information given by respondents, which might limit the research from meeting the objective of the research d)The availability of literature will affect the study. Few literatures may hinder the efficiency of the study. 1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS The study will investigate on the following questions: 1.Are youth in Tanzania aware of the Internet and to what extent? 2.What service offered by Internet (web) do youth prefers? 3.How Internet influences youth behavior? 4.How does youth benefit from the Internet? STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS 1.Are youth in Tanzania aware of the Internet and to what extent? Hypothesis †¢Youth in Tanzania are aware of internet †¢Youth in Tanzania are not aware of internet 2.What service offered by Internet/web do youth prefers? Hypothesis †¢Youth prefer most of the services offered by the web. †¢Youth do not prefer most of the services offered by the web. 3.How Internet influences youth behavior? Hypothesis †¢Internet does influence youth behavior. †¢Internet does not influence youth behavior. 4.How does youth benefit from the Internet? Hypothesis †¢Youth does benefit from the Internet. †¢Youth does not benefit from the Internet.

Bullying in School

Bullying: 1. I read the article, â€Å"Jury Orders School District to Pay $800,000 to Bullied Student. † This article was about a boy named Dane Patterson, who had been bullied all through middle school and his early high school career. He claims that the school failed to protect him from years of bullying, and it finally came to be enough when he was sexually harassed in the locker room. As a result to this, the Patterson family filed a lawsuit under Title IX of the Equal Opportunity in Education Act, using the sexual harassment story as the basis.This week, the jury ordered the school district to pay Dane $800,000 to make up for the damages and trauma caused by the ongoing situation. Anti-bullying experts argue that this verdict will send a clear message to schools that they are in fact responsible for sexual harassment and bullying, and that they must keep a constant eye out for such behavior. 2. In my opinion, I do not think schools should be held fully responsible for bul lying.I think that maybe they should make more of an effort to prevent it, but there is no way they can take care of all the bullying issues that happen in school. For example, some kids don’t even make an effort to ask for help, or let anyone know they are being bullied, so the school shouldn’t be held accountable for a situation they aren’t even aware is occurring to begin with. In Dane’s situation however, I believe the school should be held responsible because he clearly asked for help and didn’t receive any, and this had been going on since middle school!I think that schools should be fully accountable only if the child seeks out help numerous times and doesn’t receive it, or if the school doesn’t do everything in their power to make the bullying go away. On the other hand, there are some situations which the school cannot control, like I said in the first example; if that is the case, I don’t believe the school should be held responsible. 3. I believe that the parents of the bully’s should be held at least somewhat responsible for their child’s actions because then they could stop the bullying before it gets out of control.Ultimately, schools are responsible for keeping an eye out on bullying and regulating the behavior, but there are some cases in which they just cannot control, therefore they shouldn’t be held responsible. Obesity: 1. For obesity, I read the article, â€Å"Pepsi Initiates Move to Pull Sugared Soft Drinks from Schools in 200 Countries. † This article was about PepsiCo Inc’s announcement, as of Tuesday of this week, about how they planning to remove all of their full-calorie sweetened soft drinks from schools in more than 200 countries by the year 2012 to reduce the trend of obesity.The article also mentions that earlier this month, Coca-Cola made a similar announcement, but they feel they should only eliminate soft drink sales from schools only if parents make a request. Of course, both companies realize that eliminating soft drinks will not end the rising trend of childhood obesity, but they believe that learning better eating and drinking habits in schools are certainly a step in the right direction. 2. I don’t think that schools should be held accountable for obesity in any sense.Schools should strive to sell healthier food, but they are not the cause of obesity. The school is not responsible for the amount of food a child buys, so schools should not be responsible for obesity. 3. In my opinion, obesity is more caused by eating habits in life outside of school, such as home or going out and getting fast food all the time. It’s even genetic. I don’t believe schools should be responsible for obesity because the child controls their own eating habits, not the school. Bullying in School Bullying should be a crime. It is very cruel and unethical. â€Å"Each day an estimated 160,000 students miss school for fear of being bullied and 10 percent of students who drop out do so because of repeated bullying† (Dalton 1). The way it makes children feel isn’t fair. Imagine that happening to yourself. Bullying in schools presents problems to every age group therefore there should be more bullying prevention programs to help get rid of the problem. Younger age Bullying is a topic that needs to be talked about.Younger age is defined from kindergarten to seventh grade. Children bully because they feel they need to overpower people. They also bully because they think they are better than others or some people just have a low self-esteem. When Younger kids bully it is normally name calling, teasing, or making fun of them by the way they look, speak, or even how smart they are! Older age bullying is another one of my topics. Older age bullying is defined from the grade s of eighth to a senior in high school.People in the Older age group bully for mainly the same reasons. When older people normally bully, it is a lot more sever then younger age bullying. â€Å"Although most victims of bullying in schools are too meek to take matter into their own hands, a few of them can be pushed to certain critical limits. 60% of identified bullies during their grade 6-9 years eventually got involved in at least one criminal conviction by age 24. † Bullying in Schools (1). Older age bullying normally ends up violent and is a lot more severe then younger age bullying.They get into fights or harassment is filed, these are the main things that happen. People will take all of someones strength and will and harass or fight them just to make them feel better about themselves. This is bad because the children who are being bullied do not deserve what they are getting. Nobody deserves to be harassed and manipulated for no reason or any reason. Most of the time, th e people that are being bullied, it isn’t their fault at all. Prevention is another area of concern.According to the online article, â€Å"Bullying Academy,† every school needs a anti-bully website for students, educators, and parents. This world needs to realize what is going on with bullying in schools and take action(1). Every school should have monitors of bullying throughout the halls and classrooms all day long. This is just one thing you could do to prevent bullying. There are many things that you could do, depending on what one your school board would like the most. Every city or town should take money from their funds and put it into schools and bullying prevention programs.According to the online article â€Å"Caring School Community,† â€Å"prevention focuses on strengthening students’ connectedness to school—an important element for increasing academic motivation and achievement and for reducing drug use, violence, and delinquency. â⠂¬  Every school should have a bullying prevention program, where parents and students could come and learn about bullying. These programs could also talk about how it affects people. They should give statistics about what people who bully end up doing in their lives and what people that don’t bully end up doing in their lives. I also think we are making important progress towards discovering how successful anti-bullying programs can be† (Dr. Ken 1). Bullying in schools is wrong and we should have more bullying prevention programs. My main point in writing this paper is to inform people that bullying is wrong. Also I wish that everyone be more aware about the situation, and don’t deny it because it is happening whether you would like to admit it or not. People need to stand up and take charge and make a change in peoples lives. People who are being bullied would love if you took a couple hours of your week just to help them get over the struggles in life. Bullying in School Bullying: 1. I read the article, â€Å"Jury Orders School District to Pay $800,000 to Bullied Student. † This article was about a boy named Dane Patterson, who had been bullied all through middle school and his early high school career. He claims that the school failed to protect him from years of bullying, and it finally came to be enough when he was sexually harassed in the locker room. As a result to this, the Patterson family filed a lawsuit under Title IX of the Equal Opportunity in Education Act, using the sexual harassment story as the basis.This week, the jury ordered the school district to pay Dane $800,000 to make up for the damages and trauma caused by the ongoing situation. Anti-bullying experts argue that this verdict will send a clear message to schools that they are in fact responsible for sexual harassment and bullying, and that they must keep a constant eye out for such behavior. 2. In my opinion, I do not think schools should be held fully responsible for bul lying.I think that maybe they should make more of an effort to prevent it, but there is no way they can take care of all the bullying issues that happen in school. For example, some kids don’t even make an effort to ask for help, or let anyone know they are being bullied, so the school shouldn’t be held accountable for a situation they aren’t even aware is occurring to begin with. In Dane’s situation however, I believe the school should be held responsible because he clearly asked for help and didn’t receive any, and this had been going on since middle school!I think that schools should be fully accountable only if the child seeks out help numerous times and doesn’t receive it, or if the school doesn’t do everything in their power to make the bullying go away. On the other hand, there are some situations which the school cannot control, like I said in the first example; if that is the case, I don’t believe the school should be held responsible. 3. I believe that the parents of the bully’s should be held at least somewhat responsible for their child’s actions because then they could stop the bullying before it gets out of control.Ultimately, schools are responsible for keeping an eye out on bullying and regulating the behavior, but there are some cases in which they just cannot control, therefore they shouldn’t be held responsible. Obesity: 1. For obesity, I read the article, â€Å"Pepsi Initiates Move to Pull Sugared Soft Drinks from Schools in 200 Countries. † This article was about PepsiCo Inc’s announcement, as of Tuesday of this week, about how they planning to remove all of their full-calorie sweetened soft drinks from schools in more than 200 countries by the year 2012 to reduce the trend of obesity.The article also mentions that earlier this month, Coca-Cola made a similar announcement, but they feel they should only eliminate soft drink sales from schools only if parents make a request. Of course, both companies realize that eliminating soft drinks will not end the rising trend of childhood obesity, but they believe that learning better eating and drinking habits in schools are certainly a step in the right direction. 2. I don’t think that schools should be held accountable for obesity in any sense.Schools should strive to sell healthier food, but they are not the cause of obesity. The school is not responsible for the amount of food a child buys, so schools should not be responsible for obesity. 3. In my opinion, obesity is more caused by eating habits in life outside of school, such as home or going out and getting fast food all the time. It’s even genetic. I don’t believe schools should be responsible for obesity because the child controls their own eating habits, not the school.

Healthy: Nutrition and Correct Relax Method Essay

People do different things to stay healthy. Personally, I think that three ways to be healthy are to do exercise regularly, eat moderately and relax correctly. To begin with, doing exercise regularly is very important so as to maintain a healthy condition. If you activate your body regularly, such as doing exercise every early morning or play sport at weekend, you will become both well-built and healthier. All poisonous substances are given out. that will clear your body, strengthen your bone, tone up your muscle and so forth. Next, a balanced diet is also crucial. in modern life, people have to do lots of things, so they usually run out of energy and work up an appetite at the end of day. Therefore, they need to be supplied the foods that must be both mutritious and balanced to recover and refill energy for a new day. A diet should include high fiber, high protein, lots of vegetable, cut down on fat and keep off smoking and drinking too much. Finally, you have a correct relax method. Especially, you must sleep at least 8 hours per day and shouldn’t stay up late. You should read, sometimes, joke stories; watch comedies or tell jokes with your friends and family because smiling is a dramatic method that help healthier. To sum up , health is a priceless gift of oneself. As long as you have your health, nothing else matters. For wise people, they always know how to do stay healthy. For me, three indispensale things are to activate the body, eat scientifically and refresh wisely.

John Locke outlinect Essay

â€Å"Rationalism is the thought that appeals to reason or intellect a primary or fundamental source of knowledge or justification. † â€Å"It is typically contrasted with empiricism, which appeals to sensory experience as a primary or fundamental source of knowledge or justification. † John Locke argues that, â€Å"We come to this world knowing nothing whatsoever. † (Warburton 74). He believes that experience teaches us everything we know. This view is usually known as empiricism, in contrast to innatism, (the theory that some of our knowledge is in born), and to  rationalism (the strife that we can achieve knowledge of the world by the power of reason alone). ?Locke’s essay â€Å"Human Understanding† published in 1689, soon became a philosophical bestseller. He produced four editions of it in his lifetime, and it had already reached its eleventh by 1735. This book is complex and wide ranging work; its main focus is the origin and limits of human knowledge. He tries to answer these questions. * what can we know? * What is the relation between thought and reality? These are real the perennial questions of the branch of philosophy called epistemology, or the theory of knowledge. ?Locke described his role as that of an underlabourer , clearing away conceptual confusions so that the scientists, or natural philosophers, as they were then known, could carry on their important work of adding to human knowledge. (Warburton 75). ? No innate principle 1. Locke does not believe that it makes sense to say that someone could be having a thought without their knowing what that thought was about. He rejects any idea of unconscious thoughts as nonsensical. A) One argument he uses to support his claim that there are no innate principles is that it is obvious that there is not total agreement about what the supposedly innate  principles might be. If we were all born knowing that, for example, we should keep our promises, then everyone would recognize this as fundamental principle. But, as Locke points out, there is no such general agreement. (Warburton 76). Nor do children immediately recognize the principle as one binding on them. Locke continues to argue that there is no innate principle aside from the principle that is taught and learnt. ?Locke supports his idea by saying, if there were innate principles then children must strongly abide by them since adults have already influenced by the culture and people. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ These and other arguments lead Locke to reject the view that there are any innate principles. This led him with the task of explaining how it is that the human mind comes to be furnished with thoughts, beliefs, and knowledge of the world. His answer is that all our ideas come from experience. Ideas Locke uses the word idea to mean whatever it is that anyone thinks about. When you look out of your window, what you see – a tree perhaps, or a sparrow – is not the tree or sparrow itself, but rather representation of it, an idea, something like a picture in your head. (Warburton 76). Locke believes that not all our ideas are received from immediate sensation of the world. Some of them are ideas of reflection, such as when we reason, or remember or will do something. Locke believes that all our ideas ultimately come from experience, so that the contents of our thoughts, even when we are reflecting rather than perceiving, all come from sensation. Example: A child locked away would have no more idea of scarlet and green than he would of the taste of  oyster or pineapple if he had never tried them. Ideas can be combined in several ways, so that once we have the idea of scarlet and the idea of a coat, we can imagine a scarlet coat, even if we’ve never actually seen one. But the simpler ideas from which the complex ones are built all originate in perception by one or more of the five senses. ( Warburton 77). Primary and Secondary Qualities When we say that a snowball is greyish-white and cold and round, what we mean is that it can produce in us ides of these properties. Locke distinguishes primary and secondary qualities , giving a very different account of each. -Primary qualities are inseparable from objects. The primary qualities of a snowball would include its shape and solidity, but not its color or its coldness. Solidity and shapes are more likely to remain constant at place over time. – Secondary qualities would be color and coldness because its coldness can be changed at a different room temperature while different light settings can give shade to whatever object of your concentration that in a way gives you an illusion view of what you’re actually watching. Personal Identity.

Forfeiture of Rockies Oil to its Interests in the Farmout Agreement Term Paper

Forfeiture of Rockies Oil to its Interests in the Farmout Agreement - Term Paper Example Rockies Oil should not forfeit its interest in the Farmout Agreement, as it is quite clear from current situation that Aussie Oil has succeeded in producing results and there are better chances in future, as the involved parties anticipate that Bigger Field will produce twice as much oil as expected. Previously Rockies Oil regarded that all their money got wasted because of failure of first two oil wells but with the recent success, the company has some hope in the newly drilled well and also the coming explorations. Therefore, the joint venture should be retained. As for now, Rockies Oil has not paid for the third well. Aussie Oil asked the company to pay $ 400,000 for the third well but it refused to pay because of previous failures. However, now, there can be some arbitration process hiring three arbitrators, one from Aussie Oil, one from Rockies Oil and one neutral to resolve the dispute so that Rockies Oil can get its share in the production of oil from the third well along with Bigger Field. Nevertheless, in this situation, the company has to bear the costs involved in digging the well and the coming costs for new tests. The fact should not be looked over that risks are involved in every business. MSOC (Molvanian State Oil Company) has refused to consent the assignment of Farmout interests to Rockies Oil because the company has not paid the costs for the third well and also refused to buy a new SUV to the Financial Officer of MSOC for inspecting Bigg and Bigger Fields. MSOC should be made to allow Rockies Oil to continue with the Farmout Agreement and for that, there should be some dealing with the company. A representative should be sent to sort out the issue with MSOC and the objections of the company should be notified and resolved accordingly. Rockies Oil after its merger with Scots Oil Co. can share the information about the third well because, after the merger, the new company will be its part then. Rockies Oil should  wait till the merger is finally done.  

Community Health Outcomes and Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Community Health Outcomes and Evaluation - Essay Example The intervention plan is depression screening for the elderly promoted as a public policy model that seeks to combine and integrate mental health and primary medical services in one delivery intervention framework. The essential elements of the framework will be outlined and addressed. A scheme of integrating depression screening in primary nursing gerontology care will be proposed by reviewing studies dealing with depression in the elderly population and outlining how mental health can be integrated in primary care by suggesting specific training processes for nurses that will enable them to identify and address depression and its conditions in the elderly. Forming part of the public policy intervention plan, evaluation of the proposal will be addressed along with its application to the intervention scheme. Evaluation will be a repeated-measures design for both the nursing population under training and the client population. Limitations will be discussed as well as how the public po licy project may be sustained over time. Public policy models entail changes not in one institution but structural changes across the larger model of social delivery processes affecting the wider population. The elderly population will be increasing at greater rates over the next two decades. The current public political climate reflects an increasing unwillingness of local governments to improve responsibility for the safety net provisions required by the elderly. Public policy must be influenced to standardize an intervention framework that would integrate depression screening into primary general care for the elderly. This study will adapt an intervention model after a review of other integration models. It will then produce an evaluation strategy based on Reedy et al who demonstrate how program evaluation indicators could be adopted into implementation strategies as essential evaluation models of public health services. Literature Review Luchins argues that depression screening as far as it is operative as a quality indicator falls more under the purview of the administrator that that of the clinician. This would make depression screening a policy declaration or requirement mapped to some department goal. As a quality indicator and not as a practice guideline, depression screening would then demand a different kind of evidence evaluation, evidence based on a "chain of assumptions underlying the decision" for its use and application (p. 108). Quality indicators are administrative rules, or guidelines. They may affect different groups of patients than clinical screening for specific illnesses may affect. It has been demonstrated that physicians in general seem to ignore diagnostic information from other staff. Luchins main point is that depression screening many not be effective in the absence of other interventions. The one intervention in which it has shown to be effective is that of collaborative care (Gilbody). Luchins view of collaborative care comprise s three elements. They are a case manager, the primary care physician, and input from a specialist (p. 111). A more adaptable view of the model explains collaborative care as structured where by nonmedical specialists play a greater role in augmenting primary care (Gilbody). The management of depression in primary care has proven evasive (Seekles, 2009). Seekles et al proposes a stepped care model

First Amendment Legal Precedents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

First Amendment Legal Precedents - Essay Example Here, Las Vegas is attempting to assert that a public street is a private place and the notion flies in the face of the first amendment. If the city of Las Vegas regulates the content of the expression, there must be a compelling state interest and must be narrowly written to achieve that interest. Perry Education Ass'n v. Perry Local Educators' Ass'n, 460 U.S. 37 (1983). Restrictions on speech in a public forum will likely also be upheld if the expressive activity being regulated is a type that is not entitled to full First Amendment protection, such as obscenity. Laws that regulate the time, manner, and place, but not content, of speech in a public forum receive less scrutiny by the Court than do laws that restrict the content of expression. It is not necessary that a content-neutral law be the least restrictive alternative, but only that the government's interest would be achieved less effectively without it. Ward v. Rock against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, (1989). A distinction is drawn between public premises that serve as traditional public forums and those that constitute limited public forums. For example, state fairgrounds are public premises that have not traditionally served as public forums. The government is allowed to impose more restrictions on free speech in limited public forums than in traditional public forums. In Heffron v. ... Here there is nothing to indicate that the grounds are private and as such the protest should be allowed subject to any limitations set forth by Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness. 2. 10 points - Harvey Case- information attached Do you think Judge Ross's ruling that William Harvey's arrest was a legitimate exercise of government power was a sound legal decision Or do you agree with the New York Civil Liberties Union's director that the ruling violated Harvey's First Amendment rights Explain your answer citing the legal rules that apply to free speech and explaining how you believe they apply to the particular facts surrounding William Harvey's arrest. One of the freedoms that we as Americans enjoy is the freedom of speech and with any freedom, comes the drawbacks. Setting aside the sickening notion that America in any way deserved the tragic events that occurred on September 11, 2001, the fact remains that everyone is entitled to express their opinions. Laws that limit inciting or provocative speech often called fighting words, or offensive expressions such as pornography, are subject to what the United States Supreme Court has determined a strict scrutiny test. The government may impose content regulations on certain categories of expression that do not merit First Amendment protection. For example, the Court stated in Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, (1942),"There are certain defined and narrowly limited classes of speech, the prevention and punishment of which have never bee,n thought to raise constitutional problems."Â  

The economics system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The economics system - Essay Example With the advancement in the technological and environmental aspect, the nations are involving in better means of production and distribution to earn competitive advantage in the global scenario. The concept of the economic system is elaborated as the system of production and trade of goods and/or services in a community. The overall economic system includes individual, organisation, sectors and end users of a society or in general, it is often referred as the mode of production. Moreover, economics is identified on a wider concept, which is sub-divided into the two aspects i.e. micro and macroeconomics. Microeconomics focuses on demand and supply of products and/or services in the markets in relation to the change in the price level. On the other hand, macroeconomic dimension includes the relationship of the aggregate variables including the purchasing power, price income and money (McConnell et al., 2009). The study of the overall economic system comprises both the micro and macro economy of a nation or a particular community at large about how firms and various agencies are linked among each other, how the communication information flow between the them and the social relationship in the economic system. Thus, in larger and boarder term, it comprises various processes that are followed within a geographical region in the production, distribution and circulation of labor for producing products and/or services, machineries, consumer goods and infrastructure among others. Moreover, the economic system of one nation varies with other nations due to differences in the political structure, culture and environmental conditions. In this regard, the point will be justified with the fact that Chinese economic system is comparatively very complex as compare the western nations’. The economic system consist of both capitalistic and socialistic aspects and the global economic system falls in four main